Strategic Operations Management Som Marketing Essay

strategic Operations Management Som Marketing EssayStrategic consummations counseling (SOM) isnt only about how an organisation manages effectively its day-to-day activities. Further more(prenominal), it provides the organisation with long-run objectives as well as strategic decisions and actions to achieve those objectives. (Slack et al., 2007, p.63)SOM is zippy to any organisation. It is the core determinant for the organisations success because it involves every part inwardly the organisation. Moreover, it armed services organisations to achieve organisational goal and gain competitive advantages.The four advantages of operations focal point (Slack et al., 2007, p.22) try the importance of SOMHelps organisations reduce address and increase the efficiency in inter scratch/service harvestingion. For Toyota case, we all(prenominal) recognised one its vital competitive advantage is cost this is the evidence that SOM helps Toyota reduce cost, increase efficiency.Increases r evenue by increasing clients satisfaction by means of good timberland and service (we can find Toyota also focuses on customers satisfaction and quality)Reduces the amount of investment necessary for increasing operations capacity and innovative resource deployment. In a competition world, a heavy labor like automobile eternally has to invest on discovering the new techniques to improve and hasten production processes. Being able to reduce these costs go away help Toyota give competitive price.Provide the basis of future innovation through building a strong base of skills and knowledge inside the company. This is also important, because it go away motivate Toyota to phrase the efficacy in hostel to adapt with possible change in the future.Besides, SOMs importance can be clarified by the top-down survey of the four perspectives modelSlack et al., The four perspectives on operations strategy. Operations management, fifth ed., p.64Top-down Perspective the starting point of operations strategy. It supports integrated, business and functional strategies of an organisation.At corporate level, we can see Toyota positioned itself to global, economic, political and social environment (Slack et al., 2007, p.63). Itll help Toyota decideThe type of business they want to doThe markets in which they will operateAllocation of cash between distinguishable businessesAt business level, strategic decisions helps Toyota create business strategies that related to single business units within the organisation. The business strategy will support these business units to focus on particular customer, markets and competitors.For example when we analyse the Toyota Corporation, we find this description Toyota runs by 3 segments The gondola segment designs, manufactures and sells automobiles The Finance supports relevant financial data and the separate is responsible for housing, breeding and communication. (The New York Times, 2012)So, we can see SOM in Toyota attaches individual business units to the corporate strategy by formulating the goals for individual business units.At functional level, SOM make different departments recognise and hence support the business strategy. Different departments such as operation, marketing, RD would be managed to adhere to the business objectives.Generally, lets simplify the whole points by analysing Toyota Global Vision (Toyota-Global, 2012). Here, the corporate level decision focuses on quality, innovation and human resources. drag to the business level, business goals and strategic decisions ar formulated, then Toyota will the specific operation objectives (quality, flexibility, cost). Finally, at functional level, different departments and functions will act accordingly through various techniques (JIT, TQM, JIT) and sustained process improvement, to meet the objectives given in business level.b) To understand Toyota from different perspectives, we should use Stakeholder Analysis to identify Stakeholde rs expectations in associated with 5 slaying objectives (Slack et al., 2007, p.39)This table describe Toyotas 5 main stakeholder groups (Toyota-Global, 2012) and their expectation.Performance objectivesStakeholder typesStakeholders expectationsQuality customerSh beholders orderQuality of product/service, safe vehiclesSpeedCustomerShareholdersReduce throughput term and waiting timeDependabilityCustomerBusiness partnersOn time slantFlexibilityCustomerSuppliersToyotaAvailability of different models to choose fromCostCustomerToyotaLower price and superior processLets analyse each group in detailCustomersCustomers expectationHow Toyota addresses?Meet customers expectations?QualityToyota strives to do thing righteousness at the first time. With Total Quality Management (TQM) Toyota controls the quality from development, procurement, production to after sale service, while focusing on continuous improvement.YesOpportunity to feedback and receiving of the informationListening to custom er, giving timely supports.Yeshttp//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/customers/quality.htmlSafety and reliabilityOffering modern technologies and information to prevent accidents such as virtual human model, navigation system, perceptible systemRecent recalls of 7 millions of cars because of faulty window switches may oppose this statement (Kollewe, J., 2012)http//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/customers/safety.htmlLow priceBy applying effective techniques on processes, Toyota can depress the costs, thus giving low price to customers. (JIT, Jidoka, Lean manufacturing)YesDependabilityToyota production system (TPS) helps on-time deliveryYesFlexibilityToyota offer a wide range of productYeshttp//www.toyota-global.com/company/vision_philosophy/toyota_production_system/EmployeesEmployees expectationHow Toyota addresses?Meet employees expectation?Safety healthCreating safe and healthy working environmentYesPrideMotivate and jeer the employees to wor k with honorable energy.YesConfidenceGuarantee a stable career and secured working conditionsToyota has sacked 350 workers in Australia (OConnor, P., 2012) this may cause some tensions for current employees.Equality in all aspectsEmphasize mutual respect and harmony in work place.yesOpportunityContinuous develop HRyeshttp//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/employees/Business partnersPartners expectationsHow Toyota addresses?Meet partners expectations?Equal opportunity bragging(a) equal opportunities for all suppliers, providing clear guidelines to potential supplier.YesFairness in receiving informationAll partners are well informedYesLong term procurementOpen-door insurance to encourage fair competitionYesStable kindMutual benefit found on mutual trustYesTrustUnified cooperation with partners.Yeshttp//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/partners/policySociety/CommunitiesSociety/communitys expectationsHow Toyota addresses?Meet societys expectations?E nvironment economyDevelopment of eco-friendly models.Reduce amount of CO2 in product, manufacturing, production processDevelop recyclable material, resource and productYesSafer vehicleProduce safe vehicles to prevent accidentsNot really, because of the recent recalls.Innovation in life styleMotivate activities concerned in environment preservationYes. Other automakers (Honda, Ford, Mitsubishi) are influenced to produce this kind of product. (Schulte, M., 2012)http//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/society/mobility.htmlSocial welfareSocial welfare programsYesJobsProvide employment opportunities to unemployed.YesInfrastructureInfrastructure development activitiesYes craft safetyEducation and trainingYeshttp//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/society/contribution.htmlhttp//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/society/environment.htmlShareholdersShareholders expectationsHow Toyota addresses?What Toyota prioritises?ROISustainable profitabili tyRespect for the agreementsRespect and mention the lawsSupport the long-term vision for managementDividends and sharesDividends based on investment devises, business results, cash revenueshttp//www.toyota-global.com/sustainability/stakeholders/shareholders/In addition, Globalisation has considerable influence on Toyota strategic operations management activities. Globalisation comes with plenty of opportunities as well as challenges (Slack et al., 2007, p.680). With the help of internet, Toyota can easily be available to worldwide customers, procurements and other transaction activities will fit internet-based, which helps reduce cost and put forward quality control. Lets identify what challenges and opportunities of globalisation for ToyotaGreater competitions, wider range of customers solicits, and partners near the world. high customers awareness and expectationsGlobal value chains increasing complexity competitionHigher knowledge of culture, behaviours is requiredHigher requirement of engine room applications.Continuously increase of product standards establish hold of more efficient and effective supply chainsRequire continuous improvement and innovationHaving a clear view on the influences of stakeholders and globalisation to Toyota, we can clarify the SOM in different perspectivesProduct/service perspectiveSOM in Toyota focus on transferability of products/services (Slack et al., 2007, p.681). This means Toyota guarantees their design compatible with different hobbies and attitude of customer throughout the world. Here, Toyota considers widening range of options to cope with different cultures and customers, the RD department will be commanded to design according to the customers expectation.The five performance objectives should be focused at the business level of strategy to gather and prolong customers loyalty.Toyota guarantees a bona fide quality in every product with competitive price in order to satisfy customers expectations. Provide safety and reliable vehicles that inspire enthusiasm at affordable prices. (Toyota-global, 2012)Relationship with suppliers and other partners is important. Since its establishment, Toyota has sought to work closely with its suppliers in its manufacturing activities (Toyota-Global, 2012)Hybrid car is a good innovation and should be developed as it meets both customers and societys demand. Toyotas unique hybrid system combines an electric motor and a gasoline engine in the most efficient manner. It saves furnish and reduces emissions while giving ample power. (Toyota-Global, 2012)Manufacturing perspectiveToyota should emphasize the quality in every product to enter global market. The TQM at Toyota is to ensure this.To compete with other automakers around the world, Toyota always find the ways to reduce costs, yet guarantee an acceptable quality. Again, the importance of partnership is justified, in associated with continuous development on gasconadefulness reduction, stock control , human skills, capacity planning and control, process improvement, etc.For example, Toyota pioneers the Lean manufacturing concept, a production method that focuses on reducing waste. Specifically, Toyota use common split and designs for multiple product lines and reducing the number of suppliers, so that Toyota can buy parts and components at greater number, with lower cost. (Ann All, 2010)Localizing manufacturing makes Toyota effectively deal with different markets around the world. Now there are 51 bases in 26 different countries and regions. In addition, there are design and RD bases in nine locations overseas (Toyota-Global, 2012Toyota should always make continuous improvement.Flexibility and dependability should be noticed in the manufacturing arena.Layouts of facilities need to be adjusted properly with the culture of particular region.Process technology development should be emphasized. Here availability of skills, serviceability and maintenance options can be exploited ( Slack et al 2007 p681)Capacity and inventory planning and control are other areas to consider. Here Toyota JIT is helpfulAdministrative perspectivesToyota respects the different cultures and beliefs. Toyota is establishing a corporate culture with abundant vitality by fostering human resources that take on a diverse range of individuals. (Toyota-global, 2012)Job design should be considered in globalisations. Here cost of labour, skill availability, cultural should be considered. (Slack et al., 2007, p.681)Business recovery plan should be developed to minimize the damage on written report caused from risks.Supplier management should be considered to increase quality, and reduce cost.Toyota may develop knowledge management to increase knowledge base within the organisation.Environmental-friendly is highly considered in ToyotaBecause of the globalisation, Toyota may face the increases of new competitors, new products, low pricing, emend quality. So, its important to promote continuo us improvement principle, whilst avoiding errors (quality problem, employee sacks) as these will damage companys reputation. assess 02For big organisations, global capability mostly came from their capability in manufacturing (Pepsi, Coca-cola). Then, Toyota would be also such case, as their success has been considerably contributed by manufacturing functions. (T., Ohno, 1988) shared a story about the strange process at Toyota though many companies were suffering the economic recession.The operation way of manufacturing function was included in TPS. The two main concept of this system include Jidoka and Just-in-Time where Jidoka guarantees of product quality through the prevention, in-time correction, and Just-in-Time is about reducing waste and speed enhancement in work processes. (Toyota-Global, 2012)Generally, Toyotas global capability came from the continuous development of various long-term objectives TPS, efficient use of resource, human skills, waste reduction, customer focu s, supplier network improvements, emphasis on quality and customisation, inbound logistic management, inventory controlFor clarifying the Toyotas competitive advantages, lets analyse through the five performance objectives (Slack et al. 2007, p 39)Performance objectivesCompetitive advantageHow Toyota did it?QualityHigh qualityThe Jidoka helps prevent possible errors of product.The Lexus series are carefully done from the design, production, procurement, to the service delivery for customers.Good quality helps reduce the re-works, lessen the confusion, thus increase dependability, efficiency and reduce cost(Slack et., al, 2007)SpeedQuick deliveryToyotas JIT principles, inventory control and inbound logistics management helps enhance the speed of production and delivery. The speed emphasis helps Toyota reduce inventories and risk (Slack et al., 2007)DependabilityReliable deliveryAgain, the JIT, planning and control systems help Toyota to provide on-time delivery, both to internal prod uction process and customers.This helps Toyota increase efficiency operation, saves the time, money and gives stability to the company.( Slack et al 2007)FlexibilityProduction flexibilityMix flexibility bulk flexibilityDelivery flexibilityWide range of productToyota develops variety of attractive and practical models such as Camry, Prius, VarisToyotas R D division a great deal design different models to satisfy different markets.Toyota is able to adjust the volume in production process.Toyota even can reschedule the manufacturing priorities.It would help the organisation to become agile, maintains dependability, and saves time. ( Slack et al 2007, p 47)CostLow pricePerhaps price is the strong competitive advantage of Toyota.Price is very important in automobile industry. However, effective cost reduction has been helping Toyota to provide favourable price. This make Toyota the leader producer in automobile industry.The performance objectives in Toyota could be illustrated by this polar diagramAdapted from Slack et al., Operations management (2007), p.55Besides, identification of the customers needs and expectations should be critical considered. Therefore, the order winning factors and qualifying factors could be appropriate to identify the competitive advantage of Toyota. Order winner is customers key reason for buying a product/service, while qualifying factor is the minimum competitive factors required to get the attention from customers (Slack et., al, 2007, p.69.).For Toyota the order winning factors include standardized quality and design, low price, and dependability.Qualifying factors are wide range of products, firm throughput-time and quick delivery to customers (speed)Adapted from Slack et al., Operations management (2007), p.69In addition, different customers and markets have different expectation, so these factors would change according to that. For example, Lexus is a lavishness series of Toyota, its target market is higher income people, th erefore, the order winners would be high quality, gorgeous design and qualifying factors are acceptable price, quick delivery and reliable delivery.Task 3Analysing the operation strategy at Toyota through Top-down perspective, we see that corporate level strategy lead the organisation to long-term objectives such as innovation, waste reduction, continuous improvement Business level concentrates on performance objectives such as quality, cost, flexibility and dependability, and adapts the strategy according to the corporate objectives. And at functional level, different functions (manufacturing, RD, marketing) plan, execute and cooperate steps to achieve business objectives.These are evidences of how effective Toyota pursues its long-term objectiveToyota applies TQM, Kanban, JIT in production to achieve performance objectives.At the product/service segment, Toyota focus on innovation, quality and customer care (Toyota Code of Conduct, 2006, p.12)Finally, at administrative perspective , Toyota manufactures attention to sustainable location decisions, long-term capacity management, continuous resource development and long-term supplier relations (Toyota Code of Conduct, 2006, p.12)). Here, we should notice that supplier relationship is important Toyota should manage the first and second-tier suppliers effectively to work globally because advantages come from the close relationship with suppliers (Slack et al., 2007)These following concepts can be helpful to analyse Toyota Operation StrategyProduct Life bike (PLC)Product Life cycleSource Marketing FAQ,What is Product Life Cycle(PLC)?1. Introduction stageIn demonstration stage, when something new is introduced in the market, competitors will be few. Companies should develop flexibility to adapt with changes in the market (Slack et al., 2007)For example with Toyota case, a new great model Prius Hybrid has just entered the market. Assume it is in introduction stage, then customers who purchase this model would be i nnovators. This model seems to be well designed in shape and technology, so competitors are few, but may not exclude big competitors such as Mercedes, BMW, GM Then, the order winning factors here should be the design and qualifying factors should be quality, price. That means, Toyota should focus on design, and pay attention to quality and price.2. Growth stageThis stage is characterised by sales volume and competitors increase. The objective should be keeping up with demand expectations and ensuring the quality (Slack et al., 2007)Toyota will compete with competitors, order winners will be quality, speed and dependability (deliver according to the demand) to cope with increasing demand, and satisfying factors will be price and flexibility. We recognise that Toyota offers a wide range of product and price for different markets customers in order to attract different market segments.Lets take the case of Toyota Camry 2012, currently it is in growth stage and the target market is aver age income people. Its facing a rough competition with Honda Accord, both companies emphasize the quality. Though the quality, design, performance is somewhat similar, Honda is slightly better than Toyota. However Toyotas offering variety of same type products such as Matrix, Sienna, Avalon providing more options for customers, which may yield more profits. (Halvorson, B., 2012)3. Maturity stageIn this stage, the demand has a sign to fall some competitors withdraw from the market exclude big players. The concentration should be turned to price reduction. Here, company has to deal with cost, production and supply issues (Slack et al., 2007)Toyotas target customers now should be the mass market. Then, order winning factors will be low price, and dependability of supply. The qualifying factors are flexibility (various types of model) and quality. A wide range of product may bring some profits as Toyota already had different target markets. Consequently, Toyota should focus on cost redu ction, dependability and expansion of market. We can see how Toyota applies this practice by the example of Lexus Lexuss in maturity stage, which explains Toyotas efforts to offer a wide range of models sedan, hybrid, SUVs which we can find in the sleeper belowhttp//www.lexus.com/models/allVehicles/4. Decline stageDecline stage is characterised by sales decline, more withdrawal, price competition and cost focus. (Slack et al., 2007). Here, customers are the people who follow new style late, and competitors will be less. Price war will happen and obviously, order winning factors will be low price, qualifying factors are dependability of supply. At this stage, Toyota should focus on reducing costs.Lets look at the Toyota Qualis model which had gone to the decline stage and it was replaced by the Innova. Toyotas trying to replace with Innova, plausibly they will sell the remaining Qualis with low price. (TNN, 2005. The Economic Times)Efficient frontierToyota might use this approach t o position its main performance objectives in order to achieve effectiveness in operation (Slack et al., 2007). With Toyota, the high variety will make the cost higher. There are some ways such as innovation of sustainable products, increasing product life in the PLC, positioning of product at various stage in the PLC could help Toyota limit variety. In Toyota case, there are quality, cost and variety that need to be considered properly to increase the efficiency of productAdapted from Slack et al., Operations Management, 2007, p.78)Toyota can link the frontier approach with PLC to make rational decisions. Different PLCs stage requires different concentrations, Toyota may adjust its variety/quality/cost accordingly to adapt with the situation. For example, enounce Innova model reached Maturity stage in India, then Toyota would focus on cost reduction. Since Indians only prefer family car like Innova, variety should be ignored. Consequently, Toyota should break Variety to achieve c ost efficiency.Toyotas competitive advantages overviewKanban SystemA unique method developed by Toyota. Here, JIT and Lean manufacturing are applied effectively. This method helps Toyota develop the production process speed and efficiency. Therefore they can avoid inventory, waste of resources, product error and other unwanted costs. Kanban system provides some benefits such as waste reduction, inventory dodge, error-free manufacturing, which help Toyota produce quality products with low cost, increase their competitiveness over other automakers. (Toyota-Global, 2012)Relationship with SuppliersToyota understands the importance of having strong relationship with suppliers. As an integral part of Kanban system, suppliers are always up-to-date with new changes in Toyota. A lot of investments were done by Toyota to extend its supply network. As a result, Toyota is one of the organisations possess strongest supplier network in different areas of the world.The principal measure of suppli er relations in the American auto industry is the OEM bench mark Survey that is published by John Henke of Oakland University. Suppliers rank auto manufacturers using 17 measures from trust to perceived opportunity. In the 2003 survey Toyota ranked first followed by Honda and Nissan, while Chrysler, Ford and GM were fourth fifth and sixth. The survey also showed that Toyotas scores had improved over 7% over 2002. Another automotive supplier survey published annually comes from J.D. Power. The 2003 survey found that Toyota, Nissan and BMW are the best North American automakers in promoting innovation with their suppliers. (David McBride, 2004)Valuable cultureAs a Japanese organisation, Toyotas management is highly concern with Japaneses culture. Here, the loyalty and pride is highly respected. Besides, Hofstedes 5 cultural dimensions shows Japanese is characterised by highly regarding hierarchy authority, uncertainty avoidance and long-term orientation.This leads to these following r esultsEmployees willingly follow the command from managers, so the decision making process and the implementation of decision will be faster.The employees strive to get to perfection due to the high uncertainty avoidance. Every worker has their pride of their work, so they wont damage their own credibility.Long-term orientation leads every individual in the organisations to continuous development and perfection.These cultural benefits made employees at Toyota continuously develop themselves thus get better performances. Because of this, the cultural value is considered one of Toyotas strongest advantages.Task 4Lets apply the SWOT analysis for the overall review on ToyotaFavourableUnfavourableInternalStrengthsStrong global presenceStrong provoker imageStrong financial performanceEffective marketing and distributions to different market segments.Toyota production systemContinuous improvement and innovationStrong relationship with partnersWeaknessesHeavily relied on imports for inputs Heavily depends on Japan and U.S. market.Recent recalls in 2010ExternalOpportunitiesIncreasing demand for hybrid electric vehicleEnough capability to produce more quality, green, fuel efficiency products.Opportunities in Asian market.ThreatsIncrease competition from other automakers.Uncertain economic conditionUsual demand is step by step changing, due to the environmental and fuel price issues.RecommendationToyota should focus on their hybrid technology as the demand increases and pay attention to green technologies. thank to their reputation of quality and innovation, these concentrations can help Toyota get an additional competitive advantage.The Build your Toyota is a great innovation customers can customize their own model. http//www.shopatgst.com/gstbuildyourtoyota/default.aspx?zip_code=70000Vehicle=nullYearThe RD section should always be invested properly as it will keep Toyota up-to-date with modern technologies. Note in mind that now the green, fuel efficiency technologies are most concerned with the society.Keep promoting its brand in key markets, and in new-developed countries such as Russia, China, Brazil, and India. The demand in these markets is increasing due to the improvement of quality of life. Governments of China and India have reduced taxed for automobile, this may be the chance for Toyota.Keep observing the competitors, while focusing on the quality factors to avoid mishaps (2010 recalling) that damage their reputation and market share.Toyota should consider applying vertical integration in the growing markets and improve the management of different portfolios.ConclusionAs the leading manufacturer of automobiles market, Toyota has all the required conditions to continue their successful journey in the future. Though there are currently some disadvantages, Toyota can still improve by taking more responsibility in community, environment and society.ReferencesAnn All, (2010). Did Lean Manufacturing Contribute to Toyota Recall? IT Business Ed ge. 29th Jan., 2010. online. Available from accessed 5th Oct., 2012David McBride, 2004. Toyotas Extended Lean Enterprise. EMS Consulting Group. 1st Dec., 2012. online Available from Accessed 5th Oct., 2012Halvorson, B., (2012). Toyota Camry Vs. Honda Accord Compare Cars. The Car Connection. 11th Sep, 201. online. Available from Accessed 4th Oct., 2012Kollewe, J., (2012). Toyota recalls 7m cars worldwide over window fault. The Guardian. 10th Oct., 2012. online. Available from Accessed 12th Oct., 2012OConnor, P., (2012). Toyota Australia sacks 350 workers. World Socialist tissue Site. 17th Apr., 20