Signal transduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

designate transduction - Essay Exampleromolecules such as glycogen, protein and triglycerides, and the uptake of nutrients like fatty acids, amino acids and glucose by liver, musclebuilder and adipose tissue. Insulin starts its action by binding to a sensory receptor on the outer surface tissue layer of the mobile phone membrane of its many target cells. This triggers the activation of insulin receptor, which signals the target cells on the regulation of chemical mediators. at that place are two types of subunits in the insulin receptor - -subunit and the -subunit.The -subunit is where insulin binds, while the -subunit cross the membrane and jut into the cytosol. The -subunit activates the protein tyrosine kinase, which is associated with the -subunit. The -subunit subsequently phosphorylates tyrosine into a number of residues like Tyr-960 and to a number of enzymes piece inside the cytosol. The phosphorylation of the tyrosine residues stimulates an interaction amidst the isof orms and receptor of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1). This substrate then recognizes and attaches to various signal transduction proteins in sections known as SH2 domains. many of the physiological responses to insulin engage the IRS-1 through complex mechanisms involving intensive investigation.The action of adrenaline on liver cells and muscles was the runner process to be used to describe the signal-transduction mechanism. Adrenaline is attached on receptor molecules in the cell membrane. It speeds the breakdown of glycogen in liver cells. Its molecules connect to the receptor molecules in the cell membrane. The guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G-protein) found in the membrane is activated by the formation of a hormone-receptor complex. The protein acts as a relay between an enzyme called adenyl cyclase and the hormone-receptor complex. The enzyme helps in catalyzing the conversation between ATP and cyclic adenine monophosphate(cAMP) in the liver cell.cAMP is a small molecule that acts as an intracellular mediator or a second

The concept of freedom in Yoga philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The concept of granting immunity in Yoga philosophical system - Essay ExampleIt describes how cardinal cigarette remove pain and suffering from their minds and consistency. It describes the different concepts that form part of our world. This philosophy states that when one feels kabbalistic pain in their body, they want to destroy their body and mind (Sinha, 2012). This becomes a problem be endeavour we do not render the knowledge on how to destroy our body or mind. The philosopher states that life means integration of the body mind and consciousness, whereby some are unwanted while separates are desired (Buley, 2006). We can see that this philosophy combines consciousness and the body matter. This is shown in the two independent variables namely, the Purusha and the Prakriti.The philosopher concludes by saying that real freedom is obtaining freedom from the three types of pain and suffering the physical, emotional and spiritual (Michaels, 2004). Therefore the philosopher id entifies with our experience of pain, fear, anger and any other emotional or physical pain. The philosophy then gives us a means by which we can remove or deal with this pain accordingly. The process by which one removes pain is called the doctrine of cause and effect. It states that there is a time and process by which undesirable, painful elements get into our bodies and consciousness and there is a means by which we can reverse it. Every effect has its cause and it is possible to remove the cause, then removing the effect (Sinha, 2012).This is true, but us as Human beings, are we able to clearly know what is cause us pain? It is not true that we can effectively identify the causes of our problems. The philosopher was not wrong in saying that we can find the cause and effect of pain, although it is still true that many people have been unable to find the root cause of their pain and suffering. In conclusion we can see that the advocate was able to combine consciousness and the body. Research studies have found that the mind can control what

The Financial Status Of The Firm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Financial Status Of The Firm - Essay ExampleIf a company enters in a factoring of receivables it must realize that the discount given to the buyer at the time of the bargains constitutes the cost or interest rate being charged on the sale of the key receivables. If the customer defaults on the payment of the account receivable the company that loses are the buyer in the factoring agreement. There is a correlation between sales, cash, and account receivables. All sales end up being either cash or acknowledgement sales. A credit sale creates an account receivable for the company. The industry standard is that account receivables should convert to cash within 30 days. If it takes longer to collect the account receivable the cash flow of the company position of the company could be affected. Company A has to retool its credit sales policy. Delinquency in collecting account receivables could be one of the reasons the company is go about cash flow problems. The firm should either discontinue credit sales or change the credit policy to 15 days credit. The management team of the firm does not want to incur to a greater extent debt. This eliminates the solution of issuing bonds which constitutes a long-term debt. I highly recommend the company apply for a credit line. A credit line does not constitute any debt if it is not used. This solution would yield the company with instant purchasing power in case the company reaches the cero cash point. It is big to remember that cero cash means that the company becomes insolvent and would have to shut down its operations.

To critique a research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

To critique a search report card - Essay ExampleMostly nurses provide care to the patients under the orders or supervision of the physicians and this traditional role has given nurses an image of care providers. However, most of the jurisdictions have permitted the nurses to work independently depending on the settings of their facts of life level. But during the postwar period, the breast feeding education has been diversified towards advanced and specialized credentials, and this has brought change in more traditional regulations and roles of the care providers (Cornwell and Goodrich, 2009). Being a profession, the main motive of the nurse community in each(prenominal) over the world is to ensure the best care for all, while maintaining their credentials, standards, code of ethics, competencies and continuity of their passkey education. at that place are many educational paths which lead to a professional nurse. However, it is pertinent to mention here that the nursing cour ses are different in overall the world it involves extensive study about the surmise of nursing and practice as well as training in the clinics. A professional nurse cares for pot of all age groups and cultural backgrounds who are healthy and ill in a specific stylus based on the persons physical, emotional, psychological, mental, social and spiritual needs. This profession combines physical science, nursing theory and requisite technology required in caring the patients. Moreover, the transition from a student to a professional nurse is exigent due to various elements include lack of practical experience, extraordinary expectations of the hospital and meagre staffing in a hospital. Introduction The objectives and aim of the research paper titled Care and compassion the experiences of freshly qualified staff nurses written by Dorothy Horsburgh and Janis Ross (2012) is to review existing procedures being utilized by the nurses in the provision of care to the patients. Moreover, the awareness of the newly appointed nurses regarding the compassionate care and utilization of factors facilitates achieving the objective of the nurses. In order to achieve the objective of the research paper, the authors have utilized qualitative approach and in this regard, a group of forty two (42) newly recruited nurses was selected. Diverse trends, themes and codes were detected and observed, after a though digest on the data gained from the selected nurses. It was identified by the authors that the newly recruited staff nurses have diverse and miscellaneous kind of systematic views, opinions and concepts. And ultimately, the authors realized an apprehension between the individuals (nurse) ability to act and the working environs (cultural, communal, physical, managerial, and social) at which the nurses provide care to the patients (Horsburgh, and Ross, 2013). Moreover, it was derived by the authors that the supportive working environment influences the efficiency and perfo rmance of the nurses in a positive manner for delivering compassionate care (Lombardo and Eyre, 2011). This document provides a thorough review of the higher up introduced research paper and the background of the nursing profession. Moreover, a framework utilized for qualitatively critiquing the research paper is presented by the Frances Ryan, Michael Coughlan and Patricia Cronin (2007). The research paper highlights certain questions which are required to be answered have been

Below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Below - Essay ExampleTherefore, a contemplative analysis of the lyric poem, imagery, and tone of Father and Son and The Portrait suggests that Kunitz expresses his feelings for his father and he confront his personal traumas to a greater extent deeply in these poems than in his earlier verse.In the poem Father and Son, there are several instances and evidences which suggest the poets feelings for his father and the language, imagery, and tone of the poem substantiate this view. The language of the poem is so powerful that it reveals the poets great feelings for his father. The poet calls his father the out of sight master of my blood and expresses his desire to follow the paths of his father. The language and the tone of the poem also suggest the poets great bond to his father who kept him in chains through his indomitable love. Mile after mile I followed, with skimming feet, / After the secret master of my blood, / Him, steeped in the odor of ponds, whose indomitable love / Kept me in chains. (Father and Son, lines 6-9) The stunning imagery utilise in the poem also helps the poet convey his great bond to his father and images such as stretch out of ripeness, secret master of my blood, odor of ponds, indomitable love etc are some examples.Similarly, Kunitz also draws an all-important(a) portrait of his father in his poem The Portrait with the sheer merit of his words, language, imagery and tone. The poet specifies how his mother was despicable about the way and time his father killed himself. Through the convincing portrayal of the mothers feelings for his father, the poet hints how poignant his personal story has been. The poet is at his best when he expresses how She locked his name / in her deepest cabinet / and would not permit him out, / though I could hear him thumping. (The Portrait, lines 7-10) The tone of the poem also points to the poets deep sense of loss at the death of his

Walt Disney Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walt Disney Company - Research Paper mannikinThe fact that Walt Disney had already gained popularity during this period benefitted the government of United States in projecting a favorable American image for the world. Walt Disney, during the period of World War, produced propaganda content for every area of the U.S government. Walt Disney was used as a office of promoting the brand image of U.S.A in every conceivable way. The communitys burgeon forths were used to enhance the team spirit of the American supporters as well as to train the fighters. The animated content used in Disneys films was used to achieve this purpose. According to an estimate, approximately 90% of the companys workers were engaged in this propaganda business, in a flash or indirectly (Andrew 2009). Furthermore, it is estimated that the company produced more than 68 hours worth of expensive war-related films during the period (Andrew 2009). Apart from promoting the U.S and its consort in its own movies, t he company was too requested to animate certain content that was developed by a Colonel of the U.S Army. Films produced under this banner include Prelude to War and America goes to War (Watts 1997). However, this is not the first of all time that the company was used as a tool for propaganda. In World War 1 also the company was used to promote American interest. For instance, an animated film, whose content was designed by a Colonel, was used to train the workers in U.S Army (Andrew 2009). It was believed that these animated filmstrips were a more effective tool than untarnished lectures or live demonstrations, simply because it engaged the audience (armed workers) more effectively (Watts 1997). Also it has been argued that these animations were used to make up settings that were otherwise difficult to achieve with the camera. One of the most critical components of Disneys success was perhaps the internalisation of humor in its film content (Gabler 2006). Furthermore, the compa nys artists are accredited with the art of capturing guests imagination and producing content that enabled effective learning. Because of the fact that the company was able to fabricate the factual, lackluster nurture into a more entertaining and color manner, Disney benefitted from enhanced viewers attention who not only snarled their minds but also their hearts into the movies. The company itself admitted that it had produced movies containing half truths and anti-Nazi element. The propaganda conducted by Disney can perhaps be split into three main categories of propaganda for the Navy, Air Force as well as specifically targeted propaganda content in its cartoons (Uelmen 1991). As far as the propaganda content for Navy was concerned, the company produced content whose primary purpose was to get a line various tactics to sailors through the movies. As far as the content for the Treasury department were concerned, the company was asked to promote the payment of income taxes by the U.S nationals. This was promoted through the cartoon Donald Duck, where the lead character demonstrates the contribution of income taxes to the war travail in the book named The New Spirit which was considered a significant part of the American heritage (Uelmen 1991). The film of this book received enormous media attention which yet again demonstrated the yields to Disney of promoting nationalist interests. This film also

Case Study for the Complete Care Repair Research Paper

Case Study for the Complete C atomic number 18 Repair - Research news report ExampleResearch Problem The enquiry problem has many angles because there are several(prenominal) problems with Mind generator. whatsoever of the problems that score been keyn are discussed here There is a call pore that is able to answer questions for customers who have a malfunctioning product. They have an 800 number to call and the call amount can answer service, actualize and ordering questions. Unfortunately these are the only questions they can currently answer. When a person calls in, the call center must take the name, number and address from the customer as well as the Mind Writer model number. The technical representatives with this information impart then ask question to understand more clear the nature of the customers problem. They will attempt to resolve the problem on the phone if they can. The repugn is that they cannot answer every inquiry on the phone. Some of the things that ne ed to be researched include 1. There are employee shortages and training new technical representatives is date consuming and does not always excrete in the time that they are needed. 2. The courier does not always pick up and deliver the products as they have spelled start in the contract with Complete Care Repair. 3. ... Complete Care Repair will need to research to find where the problem really is and do something more to tending it. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the bring is to define how Complete Care Repair can help MindWriter understand their problems and eradicate them. Some of the issues they will need to understand better in order to help MindWriter include 1. Check with the courier association and see whether this is the best one for MindWriter to use. 2. Will the repair aspects of Complete Care Repair that include the diagnostic and sequencing areas need to be refined? 3. Does the technical director need more training or is there a need for the staff to have more training in this area? 4. Is there a problem with packaging? Can it be resolved if there is a different type of software created? 5. Is there a need for repair centers closer to where MindWriter operations are or should repair happen on site? These questions will guide the research into how Complete Care Repair can help MindWriter. Research Objectives Then research objectives will be to find out more information astir(predicate) MindWriter in order to help them. Specifically, there needs to be a thorough examination of the finished company in order to identify the problem areas. After Myra and Jason came back from Austin, they were able to identify several areas where there were problems. These areas need to be examined more closely. The research objectives will include 1. To examine the call center to understand how they work with customers. We will want to identify what is working and what is not working. 2. To examine the packaging to see whether this is the most appropri ate packaging or whether there are alternatives that would keep the

COURSEWORK 2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

2 - Coursework Example multifariousness is pervasive not only in peoples individual lives but also in business organisations for wampum or not. Change is inevitable it is also one of the constants in this world. It doesnt matter if an organisation is doing something about the reach of change technological, societal and food market on how they do business. These changes will still impact on them and those who counterbalance fastest and most constructively will survive. Management theories emerged as a result of change. From the scientific forethought to centralized organisation from a decentralized focus to empowered workforce and from a knowledge management to learning organisation. In order to protect its current status, Toyota Motors Corporation, as they say, must run faster to stupefy in place. First and foremost, it must embrace change whole heartedly this means the entire organisation as a whole rather than its parts individually.The above changes unfortunately result s to a more cutthroat rivalry not only in the automobile industry but in all industries affected by these changes. Sustaining status quo or surviving in a highly competitive environment is expensive. Companies, to maintain their standing(a) in the market, have to spend more and more in advertising and other activities to plunk for the markets interest in their products and services. This practice is fatal in the long run. Certainly a union can not indefinitely spend its scarce financial resources in activities which can only sustain what is. To survive the follow must not only please existing customers, but make current ones too.In this dynamic environment, an organisation finds change and performance improvement more as matters of business option rather than as matters of competitiveness. Product differentiation and cost leadership are two strategies a company can adopt to stay ahead of competition. Continuous process improvement

FashionABLE company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FashionABLE confederacy - Case rent ExampleThe paper FashionABLE company explores FashionABLE company. To increase its sales, the company may consider a range of strategies. One unique technique the company may apply is the dead body present. A trunk show is an event of sales where products are presented or shown to the staff or select clients. The survey by Stella and Dot shows that the majority prefer in-store shopping. It is because it gives them the chance to see the products and make order requests as they wait for the seller to make and convey them. They are in a position to view or buy the goods forrader they are supplied in the market. The survey also reveals how the trunk show can be successfully implement to increase sales. Many also said they would be interested in hosting such events if they get the opportunity. Targeting former(prenominal) FashionABLE clients will thus be effective since the former will be more committed to involvement in the trade. Through the t runk shows clients will be shown a video and photos to inform customers of the companys mission. It will efficiently draw a connection between the company and its consumers. The quantified results of the trunk show reveal that the target market will be wider, since the target age will increase from (25-34) historic period to (19-55) years. Costs will include client outreach, promotional video, advertising, trunk show information kit and new(prenominal) expenses. In the trunk show investment, every investment is temporary, apart from the kits. From FashionABLE income statement as at 31st December.

Patterns of Trade A Closer Look at Two Countries Essay

Patterns of Trade A Closer Look at two Countries - Essay ExampleThis led to very close ties with the Middle East, southeastern America, US, Singapore, Japan and different South East Asiatic countries in terms of trade. The failure of a number of South East Asian economies such as Hong Kong, Thailand and Indonesia in the 1990s had little impact on the economy of Australia. Even the governmental regularts in the neighboring countries, such as commotions in Fiji and Indonesia, have had no effect on Australias foreign trade (IMF, 1999).Australia mainly exports minerals such as gold, aluminum, iron ore and coal as well as revel equipment, machinery, cotton, wheat and meat. The largest importer of Australias products is Japan, which bought products outlay about $9 billion in 1999. The US was second after importation products worth about $4 billion. Other major importers are Italy, Malaysia, Indonesia, UK, Singapore, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, New Zealand and South Korea. As gage be seen, eight out of the top twelve importers of Australian products are from Asia (IMF, 1999).Australia mainly imports clothing, aircraft equipment, pharmaceutical and medical checkup products, oil products, telecommunications equipment, computers and office machinery, transport equipment mainly motor vehicles, and machinery. The US is the largest exporter of its products to Australia, having exported about $10 billion worth of products in 1999. Australia also gets lots of imports from Malaysia, Italy, Singapore, Taiwan, Indonesia, New Zealand, South Korea, Germany, China, the UK and Japan (IMF, 1999).The recent value depreciation of the Australian dollar against the US dollar could affect its current trade deficit, since Australians exports have become cheaper than its imports. On the some other hand, a weak Australian currency gives it a competitive advantage over the US, Canada and other countries that manage raw materials to Japan among other countries. The main disadvantag e is that the imported goods become expensive since more bullion is required to buy the same product. Australians may therefore find imported goods too costly and even stop buying them, leading to a decrease in these imports while the exports continue increasing. If this continues, it could lead to a drop in the deficit level (OECD, 2003).Japan Table 1 Japans international trade course of study Value of Imports Value of Exports 1975US$58US$561980US$141US$1301985US$130US$1771990US$235US$2881995US$336US$4431998US$280US$388Source IMF financial Statistics Yearbook 1999Japan benefited from big trade surpluses in the 1980s mainly due to its diversified manufacturing sphere and its restrictive tariffs and regulations that locked out international competition in order to protect its local market (Krugman, 1992). However, Japans duty partners and competitors such as the US forced it open up its economy in the 1980s, resulting in increase imports and decreased surpluses in the 1990s, reach ing US$ 144 in 1994 and dropping further to US$84 two years later (IMF, 1999).Japan mainly imports fishery products, agricultural products, fuel, minerals, raw materials, machinery and equipment. On the other han

Financial Reporting and Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Financial Reporting and Analysis - Essay ExampleThis commandment rear also be termed as accrual basis accounting.c) Purchase for store equipment or office equipment for slight than $25 are entered in miscellaneous expenses. The matching tenet is followed here. Expenses and revenues have to be matched if it becomes reasonable to do so. Expenses should be recognized when a particular work or product contributes to revenue. It is not when the work is make or when the product is produced. Income is recognized the same way with the expenses whether it is earned, incurred and received or spent. Consistency is enhanced by means of this principle.f) Land purchased 15 years ago for $40500 and now worth $346 000 is still carried in the books at $40500 on the basis of the historical cost principle. Land is a long term asset and should be account in the balance sheet at its purchase cost rather than its current market value. This principle is based It should be based on the cost of acqusa tion. The information provided by this principle is reliable although lacks relevance and that the reason why Debts and Securities are now being reported at their market values.g) Zero peck reports the possible loss of $1 million after it was sued for breach of contract in accordance with the principle of full disclosure. This principle ensures that all the important fiscal information is fully included in financial statements. This principle is important since it ensures that a company reflects even negative information and also highlighting official impacts (Gibson, 2008).When the financial statements are audited, an opinion is expressed, the opinion of the auditor should be expressed on the opinion that loosely accepted accounting principles are followed and applied on the basis of consistency as they were applied in the preceding year (Ramos, 2006).Unqualified opinion this type of an opinion has no financial statements

Great man Theory-Leadership traits Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Great military personnelhood Theory-Leadership traits - Term Paper Exampleording to Carlyle, certain people are born with essential qualities that variantiate them from others allowing them to dissemble positions of power and authority (Tulsian 94).In the massive man theory, leadership is something intrinsic, which implies that people are born leaders, scarce not natured to be experience leaders (Johnson 171). The theory regards a leader as a hero who is in that respect to accomplish anything for his followers against all odds. The theory further postulates that persons in power deserve to be at that place ascribable to their peculiar endowment. In addition, the theory argues that distinctive characteristics of leaders remain stable in different groups over a prolonged period. Thus, the theory is of the opinion that all outstanding leaders share interchangeable characteristics regardless of where and when they exercised their leadership skills (David & Frank 173).Fredrick Ad ams timberlands who was an American scholar supported Carlyles work further. Wood studied the historical impact of all the great rulers in Western Europe from the 12th deoxycytidine monophosphate up to the French revolution in the late 18th century (Johnson & Pierce 177). The fact that earlier influential leaders were all men inspired the use of the term great man. In addition, majority of those who researched on leadership were male researchers, which further influenced the use of the term great man. Therefore, the evolution of the great man theory never took into consideration gender issues, which created a notion that only men had the traits of distinguished leaders. However, due to the continued emergence of many distinguished women leaders, the great man theory assumed a bare-ass name of the great person theory (Nance & Timothy 412).There have been several critics who have come forward to question the applicability of the great man theory in determining who is a great lead er and vice Versa (Murugan 337). The main criticism arises as a result of the set traits used to circumscribe a great leader terming them as masculine traits. In

Epicurus Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Epicurus Paper - Essay ExampleAs a result, these good and bad aspects in vitality are what contribute to joyfulness and pain respectively. Epicurus went ahead to describe what exactly pain and please were in his understanding. He mentioned that a person may decide to choose between pain and recreation. As a result, if an individual selects pleasure over pain in their lives, thusly they are prone to endure except the pleasurable things in life sentence. Else, an individual will completely endure totally the bad and/ or dreary events in their lives. It should be noted that Epicurus was advocating for pleasure in both dynamics- that is pleasure in the body as well as the mind together with satiety and freedom from fear of death (Epicurus 128-129). As cited from the Epicurus Reader, pleasure in happiness was all up to the individual. Do you want to be happy? Of course you do Then whats standing in your way? Your happiness is entirely up to you. This has been revealed to us by a man of divine serenity and wisdom who spent his life among us, and showed us, by his personal simulation and by his teaching, the path to redemption from unhappiness (Hutchinson, Introduction to The Epicurus Reader). Based on that, he added that the only aspect that could hinder our happiness was based on our feelings. For example, if an individual was extremely nervous or queasy, then their pleasure in happiness would be distorted. Another example that was projected by Epicurus was based on rich race and healthy people. That is, if a rich person gets extremely anxious to be richer, then that individual will lack happiness and pleasure in their life since their mind is optimally focused on what is not readily available in their lives. In addition to that, if an individual would get anxious about their eating habits as well as their health, then they could as well get sick, all because of what their mind is focussed on. The best advice that Epicurus put forward was that people s hould enjoy what they currently have and be glad that they do have it. This is due to the fact that there are those who have nothing in their lives and they are extremely happy for whatever little it is that they have You cant be happy in this life if youre worried about the adjacent life... But you can be happy if you believe in the four-spot basic truths of Epicureanism there are no divine beings which threaten us there is no next life what we actually need is easy to get what makes us suffer is easy to put up with. As a result, Epicurus terms this as the Epicurean remedy to all the problems that people face in their life (Hutchinson, Introduction to The Epicurus Reader). According to Yapijakis (2009), the same concept of pleasure and pain was also introduced into the subject field of medicine. This was done by Asclepiades of Bithynia who was an Epicurean doctor and Greek medicine practitioner. For example, for individuals who were insane, Asclepiades of Bithynia proposed that a natural cure to their complaint would be to treat them in a human manner as compared to showing such people acts of suffering and pain by treating them badly. Through such humane acts, insane patients would have the feeling of pleasure and happiness. This methodology by Asclepiades of Bithynia turned out to be a success and a major tooth root to a number of illnesses, mental illnesses being one of them. As a result, he became one

Religion essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Religion - Essay ExampleIt is illustrated in their teachings that bounteous up worldly desires would result in eternal peace and harmony resulting in alleviation of the soul.For Shinto, Confucianism and Taoism, uniformity AND SUPREMACY, act as the fundamental foundations of their beliefs. All three religions believe that world/ nature is supposed to do a rhythmic cycle which brings harmony into lives on earth. It is the digression from this cycle which results in emergence of vile and good. Furthermore, they also recognize the presence of a supreme power that can be a God, Gods (as per motley sects) or rulers of the land who are bestowed with powers to bring harmony and peace on their lands.Islam, Christianity and Judaism are mainly acknowledge by MONOTHEISM and PHROPHECY. Presence of one God is the fundamental belief of these religions which makes them highly distinctive than other religions. However, Jews take a leak THEIR own ONE GOD, Christians believe that Jesus was the G od on earth walking as a human but Islam believes that God relates to everyone irrespective of who he is and treats everyone equally but judge them on the base of their actions. All three religions have figures that were prophets of their times i.e. Judaism had Noah and Moses, Christianity had Jesus and Islam recognizes Muhammad. Where Islam is the last religion acknowledging monotheism, it also recognizes prophets of the other deuce religions. Other than holy books, lives of these prophets also act as the guidelines which the followers of these religions are expected to follow.Careful psychoanalysis of these religions would reveal that all of them support the tolerance and respect for other individuals. This is where the concept of respect for life and its forms (human, plants and animals) and a clear distinction between good and wicked emerges. All of them support the notion that every evil or bad deed meets punishment at the end. If these concepts are

D6 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

D6 - date ExamplePeople from Mid West and South West ente rubor calcium in search of food, shelter, and work. just soon they became a burden on the state economy and in the cities like Oklahoma, San Francisco, etc. crowd refugee colonies could now be discerned.The Depression had worldwide presence and effects, but it hit California very sternly due to its suddenness. The 20s had been an optimistic time. The population had boomed. The Bay Area had grown and prospered, and the population of Southern California had tripled. California was the proximo. Suddenly, almost overnight, the mood darkened. Businesses that had been expanding suddenly cut back. People were laid off, couldnt pay their bills, couldnt decree a new job. In those days, there was no such thing as unemployment insurance. No welfare, no social security, nothing. (Nolte, Paragraphs 3-4)In his writings, Starr has depicted the situation as very pathetic indeed. There was a spectacular drop in the wages of the agricultu ral workers just in 4 years during the beginning of the 1930s. By 1934, the number of workers had become almost one and a half times the number of available jobs. The envisage of economic boom had been turned into a nightmare. (Starr, 235-251)In the United States, there were two major semipolitical parties during the beginning of the 20th century. The Democratic Party had a center-left political position, while the Republican Party emerged had emerged as a right wing establishment. This situation continues even today. However, during the Great Depression, tensions increased considerably. There was the emergence of red scare (Nolte, Paragraphs 1) and public had become antagonized toward the capitalist order of American democracy. In such a crisis situation, the Democrats travel ahead with a sort of reform agenda and assured the people of a better future and a more responsible scheme of governance. This social democratic approach became the political

Competition law Essay Example for Free

Competition law EssayA situation in which a single caller or group owns all or nearly all of the market for a given typeface of product or service. By definition, monopoly is characterized by an absence of competition, which often results in high prices and inferior products. fit in to a strict academic definition, a monopoly is a market containing a single firm. In much(prenominal) instances where a single firm holds monopoly power, the company will typically be forced to divest its assets. antitrust regulation protects free markets from being dominated by a single entity. Explanation MonopolyMonopoly is the extreme upshot in capitalism. Most believe that, with few exceptions, the system just doesnt work when there is only genius provider of a good or service because there is no incentive to improve it to pucker the demands of consumers. Governments attempt to prevent monopolies from arising through the use of antitrust laws.Of course, there atomic number 18 gray areas t ake for ensample the granting of patents on new inventions. These give, in effect, a monopoly on a product for a set item of time. The reasoning behind patents is to give innovators some time to recoup what are often large look for and development costs. In theory, they are a way of using monopolies to promote innovation. Another example are customary monopolies set up by governments to provide essential services. Some believe that utilities should offer public goods and services such as water and electricity at a price that is affordable to everyone.

Radical And Liberal Theories Of Inequality Essay Example for Free

Radical And Liberal Theories Of Inequality Essay favorable variation (as a general philosophic and favorable concept including, in the first base place in entirely economic inequalities along with the advanced(a) racial and gender issues of disparity) has always been a characteristic feature of human orderliness therefore it is non surprising that majority of ancient and contemporary social philosophers argon involved into discussion of how the contrast came to be and what target be d bingle to reduce it.As usu onlyy there is no single view on the issue. There is an attitude that inequality is an ingrained feature of our social structure so any(prenominal) attempts to reduce or pass off it are self-defeating. Still there is nearly other opinion inequality emerged on a certain stage of victimisation of human society when one group of tidy sum took emolument of all other mass and captured the source of public assistance material goods. It is not yet clear wh ich one is true.The difficulty of social inequality has a long tradition of analysis at least since the clock of Aristotle, the beence of social disparity appeared a find problem for democratic theory and practice. Nowadays some(prenominal) major philosophical paradigms study the nature of inequality, i.e. conservative, free-hearted, and radical each of them has different vision of the problem (Conservative 2004). We leave behind focus on liberal and radical visions of the problem and contrast their approaches to view the problem.Libertarian approach before all concentrates on freedoms and social rights of individuals as the members of common society. The approach focuses on people and, contrasting radical outlooks of the problem could be described as the individualistic one. Radical approach, speaking critically, is a collectivistic paradigm that ordinate a focus on social classes kinda of people.Liberalists, in their turn, stay on the premises that everyone is before all an individual, and that all individuals adopt inalienable social rights guaranteed by the society (Kidder et al, 2004). The central value of liberalistic theory is, therewith, in born(p) freedom of people. Liberals believe that people are able to change their social shape themselves and be educe prosperous in this life. Radicals, on the contrary observe people as foredoomed creature who cant leave the measures of their social class. As a result, they could become equally treated only done subversive changes.Capitalists, observing radical philosophy of social inequality, use all resources available to make the wait of the society equal therewith, capitalists appear the primary enemies of social inequality who victimize the average people. Liberals neer explicit such radical ideas kind of they believe that its rather the role of capitalists and regime to establish a welfare society.The core differences between liberal and radical approaches, comparing and contrasting ideas of Marx (Avineri, 1968) and Weber (1958), lie in their vision of the fundamentals of social inequality. While Marx stayed on the material premises and some objective reasons that people cant change, Weber believed in peoples rationality and knowledge that help them to give social equality themselves. Webers ideas of liberalism are close to the vision of people from protestant religion perspective, while Marxs ideals are, admittedly, closer to orthodox Christianity.The serious difference between radicals and liberals lies in their vision of key aspects of social inequality origin. Radical philosophers develop a theory of social classes where material aspect is considered to be the key one in peoples social inequality. While liberals believe that relatively few people are unequally treated in the modern welfare societies, radical philosophers and Marx (Avineri, 1968) first of all tell apart that the inequality is to be observed in a wider context, first of all as a disparity between major social classes.Marx outlined five social formations inequality did not exist in the first and the fifth formation. All people were equal during the epoch of Primitive Communism only gradually the situation changed. Asiatic or Ancient formation (slavery), Feudalism and Capitalism other tercet formations were based upon different modes of production and were characterized by great inequalities.Liberals dont reliever the idea of social classes in which radical philosopher believe so blindly. Instead, they believe that the roots of social inequality lie solely in unequal share of commonwealth during the previous time periods. This unequal distri simplyion is, as liberal philosophers believe, the principle factor in the emergence of social inequality.One of the first liberal philosophers Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1993 p. 84) exploring the problem of inequality came to the conclusion that it wasnt a natural state of human beings instead he claimed that people were born equal but v oluntarily bonded themselves into the society that was evil in itself. As a result, apologists of this approach nail the problem of emerged inequality as arising from societies where individuals were not listened to or treated equally. Standing on this ground, liberal philosophers pick apart unlimited acquisitiveness as sheer greed, and do not agree that the market should be the arbiter of all values.As far as liberalists stay on the principles of equal freedoms and opportunities they criticize the permanent system of welfare distribution amidst the society. The fundamentals of liberal approach to social inequality could be described, in fact, as the cultivated and humane ideals where all people possess individual freedom, moral and physical autonomy social equality, a set of inalienable human rights (i.e. to life, to express own thoughts and opinions, religious worship etc), due process at law), private property, democratic participation etc. Individual rights and freedoms are t herewith are at the acme of liberals value scale. Liberals believe in democracy as the best way of human existence and states development and vote for equal opportunities for all people. They, however, dont support the necessity of regimes changes as the radicals do. Radical philosophers, in their turn, vote for immediate and rapid changes of the society.At the same time, radical philosophers vote for rapid changes of societys norms and traditions through revolutions. There lies the major though implicit difference between both approaches as liberals first of all want to fit unequally treated people to the standards of the others, radicals, on the contrary insist that the turn over of society must be pulled down and treated unequally. As a result, radicals dont indicate a clear solution of inequality eliminating because in their model one social class shifts another while inequality isnt reduced at all (the former USSR could serve here a good illustration).Liberals and radicals a lso differ in the vision of ideal society, while first one support regulated and humane capitalism, radical philosophers believe in socialistic society where are people have equal rights. This idea, however, turned to be utopist one judging from the USSR collapse example.Dislike radical philosophers, liberals observing Kidder (2004) never vote for the rapid and all-round changes in the society in order to reduce or eliminate inequality. Instead, they suggest the remedies for those, who became unequal in this society through no fault of their own. Therewith, liberalism as a philosophical and political system is targeted to defend people from any abuses by authorities or other people. To fall upon relative social equality liberals suggest various social programs, labor units, reduction of taxes for those who are in need of such alterations.Liberalists, dislike radical philosophers, believing in the role of society and a state as a self-regulating mechanism that is helpful for every i ts member. In order to achieve this objective, the political relation is to regulate somehow market relations to protect public interests. Apologists of liberal approach believe that presidential term can indeed play a constructive role in the society and dont insist on its elimination as the radicals do. In a word, liberals want both business and government to be more responsible and responsive to the public interest. Thats achieved through corporate social office and governmental regulation of businesses.Radical philosophers and politicians (Kidder, 2004) never presume the idea that a government or a state could abolish social inequality. Instead, only the unequally treated people could do this through revolutionary changes in the society having wiped out a ruling class and capitalists. The language of the radicals tends not to convert but to repel most people. Radicals, therewith, call for some drastic and fundamental changes in the economy including nationalization instead of private property, complete governmental regulation instead of partial intervention and equation of all salaries instead of mixed approach.Do you think American society is blossom forth now?Traditionally, American society is believed to be the most free and democratic one in the world. Comparing with the other states, even the democratic ones, we come to the conclusion that American society is quite open nowadays that mean that all people are born equal and are provided with equal conditions for their life and development. At the same time American as probably no other society could guarantee its people the same financial welfare. Instead, provision of people with equal rights make them responsible for own social and financial development.At the same time, American society is not deprived of several serious drawbacks that slow down building of a completely open society. Its first of all social discrimination and derogatory stereotypes that dominate over the minds of million America ns protectionism and some other forms of inequalities that, however, tend to lessen in the modern society.REFERENCESAvineri, S. The Social and Political Thought of Karl Marx. Cambridge University Press, 1968.Conservative, Liberal, Radical sparing Philosophies (2004). Online article retrieved July 13, 2004 from http//www.tc.umn.edu/smith097/articles/C.3.htmT. et al (2004). World Views on Inequality Where Did It Come From and What Can We Do? Online article retrieved July 13, 2004 from http/www.earlham.edu/pls/Rousseau, J.-J. The Social Contrast and The Discourses. Translated by G.D.H. Cole. London David Campbell Publishers Ltd., 1993.Weber, M. (1958). The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. Talcott Parsons. New York Charles Scribners Sons.

Developing country Essay Example for Free

Developing awkward EssayWhy we want to permit our knowledge to someone else unknown to us. Why we want to make our commonwealth into a question mark. oeuvre for our nation work for us let our future generation be a developed nation. We argon ranking in a forest place two in economy and in developing. So judgment is our so why we want to drain to others. So get into it to work for our nation. Jai hind. Rate this +3 -2The concept of judgment drain is of a recent one that has ever strongly emerged since the last fewer decades. The phrase brain drain refers to the increasing ten dollar billdency of the young, energetic, capable and talented youth of a country to migrate to a nonher country in search of their fortune rather better fortune. They forsake their mother country for they seek better opportunities in other countries. This has become a characteristic more of the intelligentsia of the nationthe doctors, engineers, scientists, M.B.As, C.As, lawyers and other profess ionals. Investment in education in a developing country may not lead to faster economic growth if a large number of its highly educated cracking deal leave the country.The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) estimates that India loses $2 billion a year because of the emigration of computing device experts to the U.S.45 Indian students going abroad for their higher studies costs India a overseas exchange outflow of $10 billion annually. Our country is gradually being deprived of its intellectual capacity.Brain drain is also regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the g everyplacenment. Our nation, if this continues, will be rendered intellectually impoverished and impotent. This, in turn, is leading to a great loss of National wealth. But, have we ever perspective of the reasons behind such a great diement of brain outside the country?Like always, we opt to harp upon the problems rather tha n find a solution. Why does India, a great and domineering nation in Asia, have to face such a grave and serious problem? Why is our youth allured by the stranger meadows and horizons? Why do they prefer to work hard and be honest t here(predicate), instead of here?The first answer to this problem is that we have.. no plans to return to India. The reasons arent hard to fathom a handsomely paying job in a great professional environment. But, Bandyopadhya, isnt alone who has decided to bond back in the US.In fact, he is just one among 94.8 percent of Indians who mull abroad to understand doctorates in science, engineering, and health and dont return home check to a query study released in October 2012 by Wan-Ying Chang and Lynn M. Milan of the National Science Foundation. The study, if anything, is latest evidence that brain drain isnt stemming, something over which our policymakers must ponder on the occasion of National Science Day.In 2010, India with an estimated stock of 11.4 one thousand thousand emigrants was only second to Mexico (11.9 million) as a source of immigrants, according to a research paper, Indian humans Resources Mobility Brain drain versus Brain gain published in 2012. India and the Philippines supply most foreign-trained doctors and nurses to the English-speaking countries at bottom The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).Citing lack of growth opportunities in the country, Dr. Sudeshna Mitra, assistant professor at IIT Kharagpur points, It is real that a lot of improvement has been made at the infrastructure level over the past ten years but if we compare it with the developed countries of the world, it is still not up to the mark, hence it will be really difficult on our part to stop ambitious people leaving the country.Brain-drain works both within and outside the country. Dr. Arvind Agrawal, professor at Department of Sociology, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, says, There are two salmagundis of b rain drain going on in the country. The first is the versed and the second is the external. As far as the internal brain drain is concerned, it is mostly confined to the states. A state like Rajasthan which has to its credit a list of many good schools but lacks good English medium colleges, hence students later on end their school education move out to big cities and ultimately get settled there.Both internal and external brain-drain point to lack of opportunities.External brain drain is defined as one when students move out of the country for higher education and settle there permanently, further explains Dr. Agrawal.As per the Thomson Reuters Report 2012, Indias component part in global research output is about 3.5 per cent. Indias largest global share of publications was in the topic of Chemistry (6.5 percent) followed by Materials Science (6.4 percent), Agricultural Sciences (6.2 percent), Pharmacology Toxicology (6.1 percent) while the relative share in the content of P hysics and Engineering was 4.6 percent and 4.2 percent respectively. One of the most affected sectors is genetic engineering and biotech which copes with shortages of junior staff, as approximately 90 percent of post-graduates in this field go to the US after completion of their studies in India.The quality of a nations higher education vests in the research and development, which in Indias case also is an area of concern and a major factor for brain drain. Concurring with the above, S. R. Ahlawat, professor at Department of Sociology, M.D University, says, We have not been able to provide the right kind of research environment in which the students can really contribute to enhance their knowledge.India with 68,000 students in 2009 accounted for the largest number of foreign students in the area of Science and Engineering in United States, followed by China with 54 000 students according to the Indian Human Resources Mobility Brain drain versus Brain gain research paper.Developed c ountries provide good environment and easy accessibility to quality of life which provokes people to get settled there permanently, warns Ahlawat at M.D University.Indian Universities have by and large failed to figure in the list of top 200 educational institutions of the world according to the QS World UniversityRankings for 2012. The Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) rankings the most reputed global rankings of institutes for higher education had featured IIT-Bombay in 2010 which was stratified 187, but dropped to 227 in 2012.Highlighting the solutions to overcome the scenario, Dr. Agrawal at Central University of Himachal Pradesh, says, Most of the state universities are candidacy on political interference which acts as a hindrance in the growth of these institutions, hence it is a high time that there should be a semblance of order and growth and the prime contract should be to promote basic and fundamental research to save the quality.

Sports drink market in India Essay Example for Free

Sports drink commercialise in India EssayWith the changing trends in society and globalization Energy drinks grocery store in India whitethorn show a rapid growth in coming years but for now it is at a emergent stage. Through various studies and research on Indian and British sports and energy drinks mart we found discover that Red squealer has the most share in this market. Through studies it has been found out that consuming energy drinks can have physical as well as psychological personal effects on the human body. Studies show that it can have positive effects give care improvement in mental and congenital abilities and increased subjective ken. Excess consumption can lead to various problems manage insomnia, agitation, anxiety, irritability. Our objective through this assignment is to successfully launch a sports drink in the Indian market and market it using our knowledge gained from the market study and our own intellect. In this project are gravel down different marketing strategies by how we can promote our product and stand against our competitors. SPORTS ENERGY crispen MARKET IN INDIA MARKET FOR SPORTS DRINK IN INDIA TRENDS.According to the value calculated in 2012, sports and energy drink market in India grew by 17% whereas in 2011 it grew by 18%. The main case to this decline was increasing awarness about the side effects of sports drinks. In june 2012 FSSAI (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India) announced that sports drinks pull up stakes be renamed as cafifeinated bevergaes. Burn and Red Bull surpass the max. limit of caffein to be relegate in carbonated beverage hence they were put under the category of caffeinated beverages. COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE.Red Bull is the leading seller having 72% off-trade share within energy and sports drinks in 2012. Second place goes to pepsico having an 11% off-trade value share. However Red Bull was not allowed to be sold in Tamil Nadu out-of-pocket to regulatory changes in sports and en ergy drinks in 2012. PROSPECTUS Sports drinks in India is still at a nascent stage but might become a part of the changing trends of society and urbanization. However, sales of these drinks could be negatively impacted by regulations and enforcement of statutory warnings.The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) announcement that these products should be renamed as caffeinated beverages may lead to decline in sales of brands such as Red Bull and Burn. (Source http//www. euromonitor. com/sports-and-energy-drinks-in-india/report) COCA-COLA TO lance A SPORTS DRINK IN INDIAN MARKET The world leaders of beverage drinks Coca-Cola are earnest to launch their new product in the Indian Market. The America based company has come up with a sports drink named Godzilla which is to be launched in the market by end of November 2013.It is being manufactured by Hindustan Coca-Cola Pvt. Ltd. Which has its plant in Okhla Industrial Area, U. P. M. S. Dhoni, the Indian prodigy will be the brand embassador for Godzilla and will be used in promotional Activities and advertisements. TARGET MARKET AND MARKETING STATERGY The research indicated that stack in India do not cull to have energy drink. Only 23% of the population prefers to subscribe the brand. The most important factors affection the buying decision were found to be health safety, price, lack of awareness and preference of other beverages.It was also found that 1. 66% of the energy market consists of male consumers. 2. 20-30 age convention people was found to be growing rapidly and turning out to be potential buyers having an medium income of 3-5 lacs. 3. The awareness about the energy drink among people is add up 60-67% except age group 25-30 having an average income of more than 5 lacs (Awareness 80%). 4. People prefer to have energy occasionally (parties, social throng etc) with soft drink or neat Sunadulterated. 5.People like to drink mostly in legal residence or restaurants and 44% of the res pondents feel that in the future energy drinks can compete with popular beverages like soft drinks, juices and other non-alcoholic beverages. (Source http//www. technopak. com/Files/Energy_Drinks. pdf) MARKET OF ENERGY DRINKS IN U. K. RESEARCH METHADOLOGY LOCATION FREQUENCY PERCENT CUMILATIVE % sell STORES 5 16% 94% GYMS 3 6% 66% CLUBS 3 10% 60% JOGGERS parking lot 1 3% 69% RESTAURANTS 4 15% 91% SPORTS CLUB 3 9% century% CAFE 2 7% 76% innate 29 100%.The survey indicates that people prefer having sports drink in home and sports club Which leads to the possibility of the brand being promoted in the friend electrical circuit and family. This will be our target market. VALUE FOR MONEY (Indian Customers) VALUE FOR MONEY FREQUENCY PERCENT Yes 6 21% No 12 40% Cant Say 11 39% TOTAL 29 100% The Indian customers are very price sensitive and look for value for funds when they purchase a product. The high price of energy drinks is the main drawback in promoting and positioning this brand i n India.

The Bhagavad Gita Essay Example for Free

The Bhagavad Gita EssayAn several(prenominal) should complete his employment even if much(prenominal) performance is imperfect rather than acting some separate persons duty with perfection. Each individual has unique abilities and characteristics. These qualities atomic number 18 termed as the swabhava or record of that individual person. Moreover, the form of his outside(a) life is based on his swabhava which ultimately becomes his swadharma. The normal life of earthly concern and their duties are based on their samskara or behavior and their karma or fate.The Swabhava and swadharma of gentlemans gentleman are the consequence of their whole kit in their previous births, which are natur entirelyy bestowed upon them, and determine their present status. They constitute the inner nature of humankinds which is known as their prakriti (Bhagavad Gita Commentary, Swami Nirmalananda Giri). The Bhagavad Gita teaches the ways and means of luck intoing freedom from earthly de sires and material issues. However, in shape to attain such freedom one should not forsake the performance of ones fundamental duties or swadharma.One should try to attain the divine freedom, while performing ones duties without any refraction and with complete dedication. The central theme of the Bhagavad Gita states that an individual shall perform his bounden duty without seeking the result that comes from performing that duty. This is essential for purifying the heart. This is a very important requirement to attain liberation or Moksha. The Bhagavad Gita consists of the teachings of passkey Krishna to prince Arjuna during the battle of Kurukshetra (Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita, Swami Swarupananda).Lord Krishna specified three principal paths for homo. These are the fashion of Action or Karma Marga, the Path of Knowledge or the Dhyana Marga, and the Path of Devotion or the Bhakthi Marga. Any one of these paths lead the aspirant to God, and are meant for achieving divinity and moksha . The Bhagavad Gita was granted by God, and it was stated by Lord Krishna that human birth was an invaluable. Accordingly, a human being should utilize this birth to attain liberation. Therefore, every human being must attempt to legislate God and to attain moksha, in this birth itself.Consequently, humans should refrain from the earthly desires and develop detachment for worldly-minded matters (BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE BHAGAVAD GITA ). He motivated Prince Arjuna to perform his duty without any indecisiveness. He also exhorted Arjuna to discharge his duty as a Kshatriya or member of the warrior caste, in other words He directed Arjuna to follow the Dharma of a Kshatriya. This constitutes the swadharma of an individual, which directs that person to attain moksha. Although one has performed ones duty imperfectly, it is deemed to have been performed.One should not perform another persons duty, as this constitutes a sin, irrespective of the perfection attained while doing so. Thus, swa dharma has been stipulation greater prominence in the Bhagavad Gita (Verse 46, Chapter XVIII. The Bhagavada Gita). According to it, one should not abandon ones swadharma, which is both(prenominal) internal as well as external. The internal variety of swadharma is perceived by the performer, while the external swadharma is enjoined upon a person by the society in which the performer lives.Moreover, the Varnasrama Dharma or caste system, establishes the swadharma of an individual. As such, the inclination and attainments of a person derive from that persons parents hence, birth plays an important role in find the swadharma of a person. This is borne out by the science of genetics. It is mandatory for human beings to perform their swadharma. Children inherit the qualities of their parents, and these constitute their swadharma (SWADHARMA). haul towards material issues implies that a person is deviating from the right path.Worldly matters bind humans to several births and deaths. Th ose who are attached to them will have to born again and again. This cycle of births and deaths continues till the person detaches himself from worldly matters. The Lord declares that humans have to surrender the fruit of their actions to Him, if they wish to reach Him. One must refrain from desires as they give anger on being unfulfilled. Anger in turn, results in jealousy. Therefore, desires are the root cause for all evils.The quintessence of the Bhagavad Gita lies in the beneathstanding that a persons existence is principally in order to perform ones duty or karma. Therefore, all the persons on earth are under a duty to perform the karma that falls to their lot and while doing so they have to follow the principles of dharma or righteousness. One should uphold dharma and preserve it. It is the most important thing to remember, that while performing karma one should not await the result. What is required is surrender of the result of the action to God.This is clearly stated in the hymn Narayanayethi Samarpayame, which connotes that everything is to be surrendered to Lord Narayana, the ultimate and the supreme (BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE BHAGAVAD GITA ). The Bhagavad Gita says that one should perform ones duty without anticipating the fruits of the results and without attachment. Performance of duty with detachment is an easy way to reach the ultimate goal of life, moksha. It is the and scripture that proclaims the philosophy of Karma Yoga. This philosophy was not described anywhere, prior to the Bhagavad Gita.Karma Yoga is devotion without selfishness. The Bhagavad Gita described it in a simple and beautiful expression and it had been expounded by Lord Krishna, who had upheld the notion of unselfish devotion for the common good of all. He had stated that self-sacrifice was the ultimate worship and ultimate spiritual reality. The practice of altruism bestows grace upon the practitioner, and subsequently, it develops into faith, which is the only way to at testant the absolute truth. An individual would be elevated mentally if he helps others.This is an immediate effect of helping others, and such an individual would achieve perfection in all matters. The intellect and senses of a person are creditworthy for attachments and detachments towards material things and material issues. Therefore, the senses must be controlled and no one should fall prey to their wiles. The intellect and the senses act as barriers to spiritual development and the attainment of divinity. Consequently, one should be devoid of them to attain self realization. self-importance abstract is based on the intuition and intellect of the batch.Thus, people should develop their intellect and intuition. Meditation is the only means for developing intuition and intellect. The former is a powerful method of yoga practice or yoga sadhana, which guides people and helps them to succeed in their attempt to attain moksha. Individuals must discover their swabhava by practici ng swadharma, which engenders peace and harmony in their lives (Bhagavad Gita Commentary, Swami Nirmalananda Giri). People should ascertain their swadharma through their intellect.Self analysis, or self introspection are instrumental in perceiving ones swadharma. This method is termed as swadhyaya, which had been propounded by Maharishi Patanjali in his great work The Yoga Sutras. Self analysis is the only method to determine the duties of humans. The best way to achieve such self analysis is by practicing yoga, which is an important component of Hindu tradition and which allows people to lead a meaningful life (Bhagavad Gita Commentary, Swami Nirmalananda Giri). works CitedBASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE BHAGAVAD GITA . 14 June 2008. 15 kinfolk 2008 http//groups. yahoo. com/group/gita-talk/message/1353. Bhagavad Gita Commentary, Swami Nirmalananda Giri. 15 September 2008 http//www. atmajyoti. org/hi_gita_commentary_30. asp. Srimad-Bhagavad-Gita, Swami Swarupananda. 1909. 15 September 2008 http//sacred-texts. com/hin/sbg/sbg03. htm. SWADHARMA. 03 February 2006. 15 September 2008 http//www. advaita-vedanta. org/archives/advaita-l/2006-February/037531. html. Verse 46, Chapter XVIII. The Bhagavada Gita. n. d.

Consumer Sciences Education Essay Example for Free

Consumer Sciences Education EssayPuberty is the period when children experience various sensual and emotional changes in their bodies. Puberty comes with psychological do that affect the teenagers interaction at school, with their peers and parents. Puberty Puberty is the stage in childrens lives when they experience physical changes through which their bodies eventually develop into great(p) bodies that are capable of reproducing. It is triggered by hormonal signals that stimulate the growth, function and change in different separate of the body, including the reproductive organs, breasts, skin, muscles, bones, hair and the brain depending on the sex (Allison, 2000). Puberty has various psychological effects deep down the school context, peers and parents. Within the school context puberty has wide psychological effects like peeping identity and role confusion. It impacts their choice of career, sports activities, work schedule and tend to rebellious to the administration. It has been noted that adolescents prefer more liberal schools. At the same time the transition for example to high school has various effects on their academic achievement (Steinberg, 2001). During puberty, adolescents have very high regard for their peers.They measure who they are, their morals and lifestyles against them. unripened people struggle to belong and to be accepted and affirmed by their peers, and yet also to gravel individuals. This desperate need for acceptance may explain why many teens engage in mental object abuse and sexual activities. According to Allison, (2000, 54), adolescents tend to heed to advice from peers than from teachers and parents. It is notably however, the relationship between a teen and his or her peers has great impact on their self esteem.According to Steinberg, (2001, 67), parent-adolescent conflict increases during puberty. Conflict has been found to be most evident in interactions between adolescent girls and their mothers and relativel y between boys and fathers. Many adolescents feel that the parents do not understand them and that they have different lives and interests. They also feel that the parents cannot guide them properly through this blustering(prenominal) period because they do not face the same challenges (Allison, 2000).In conclusion, there need to be a mutual understanding between parents and adolescents as puberty is a sensitive stage and needs to be handled with care by both parties. Only this way that both will minimize the unnecessary conflicts and hike understanding. Reference Allison, Barbara. (2000). Parent-adolescent conflict in early adolescence. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education Vol 18, No. 2 Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Adolescent development. one-year Review of Psychology Vol 52 83-110.

How Internet Has Changed People Essay Example for Free

How profit Has Changed People EssayThe Internet has changed a smoke over the year and a lot of tribe really dont talk to each separate anymore instead they talk either on Facebook or another Internet site. With all the things that you keep do most families really dont extend any time with each other anymore because of all timeyone is doing something on the Internet. promptly a days people lowlife log on the Internet where ever they ar. Because the lucre decreases face to face interaction, makes it easier to retreat into a cyber-world, and vastly polarizes opinions and minimizes basic etiquette, the network has done a good deal to divide the global population, rather than connect it. About 86 percent of the world population uses the internet on a daily bases. Over the geezerhood Internet has decreased face to face interaction quite a bit. Now years if someone want to talk to someone they will fair(a) video chat with them over the Internet on apple devices, cell p hones, computers, and Xbox.Also when someone wants bring out someone else they dont get out paper and pen they go on the Internet and email them. Now days it is more than easier to retreat into a cyber-world, than it is to retreat in this to in the real world. Social websites standardised Facebook and twitter leave made people a whole lot less social than they were years ago. The average Facebook user creates 90 pieces of content every month Internet has done so much to divide the global population, rather than connect it. Instead of families spend quality time with each other they ar all in assorted rooms on the Internet doing different things. I gain noticed over the years that a lot of people have be answer more compute on the internet that they dont k nowadays what they would do without it. A lot of things for schools are now on the internet like for my math class everything is online and very little on paper.Now days most parents dont see their kids because they are usu ally in their room on the internet doing different things like either video chatting, play a game online, or online chat rooms. concord to Pewresearch.org A new Pew Internet Project report reveals that 93% of teens ages 1217 go online, as do 93% of young adults ages 1829. right away every teenage has their own TV, computer, and other electronic devices just in their room. A lot of people look that they need their cell phones or their computers and they dont roll in the hay what to do when it dies when the power is out. They think that it is the end of the world when either their phone dies or their computer dies when they power is out.Peoples are lost without the internet. Devices that have internet access are addicting and people sometimes dont know when to stop. The internet has come a long way since it started and now everything is online from banking to emailing and lots of other things. A lot of education is on the internet more and more each year, for example if you need h elp and dont know how to do a math problem and you dont want to leave your house you can just search the internet for an online tutor. 107 trillion emails sent in 2010 and many more since then.People are now dating other people over the internet, instead of meeting each other the senior fashion way. With online chat rooms you can talk to someone that is in a whole different country and not even know that. Individuals are becoming less independent on families than they were before. check to SocialMediaToday.com writer Tim Patterson, Facebook has 518 one million million users. I think that the internet is making people a whole lot less social than they were before the internet started. My family can be so caught up in what we are doing on the internet that forgets that one another are even home. I think that people should spend less time on the internet and more time with their families. According to InternetWorldStats.com in 2010 the United States Internet Users the top 5 states a re California (29.8 million users), Texas (17.2 million users), New York (16.1 million users), Florida (14.8 million users), and Illinois (10.2 million users).

Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Creationism. Stanford cyclopaedia of Philosophy EssayThe important role of schools in direction the population of students is iodine way to make sure that the society will have a bright future. However, in the cases wherein irrelevant teaching methods are used, this dream whitethorn be compromised. A in truth clear example is the teaching of creationism. Creationism is a perspective that identifies a certain supreme being to be the main perpetrator of the humankind of the universe, including humanity (Ruse, 2007).There is an identifiable group of people who primarily believes in this notion. And because of that sectarian acceptance, there was a time when schools became a subject of intention in propagating this idea. In a much greater sense, creationism should never be taught in schools primarily because of the compromising effects it will bring towards the molding of the students. The topic is very much centered towards the philosophy of a person and do not provide any s ignificant nurture attribute.This is in direct contrast to the mission of the school to provide only the type of learning methods based on exact, credible and scientifically formulated aspects of knowledge. Creationism tends to be of religious in nature. It always inhibits the born(p) flow of scientific process to learn the observable and logical way of nature. As a result, it is very possible that students may get confused closely their own perception about the universe and everything about it.They may leave the pre-conditions of scientific knowledge in favor of an easier to understand notion of creationism. Moreover, there may be cases in which some students may feel deprived of their rights to believe what they want to according to their various(prenominal) philosophies in life. Creationism is a biased form of belief which only bases its ideology to a personal intuition. References Ruse, M. 2007. Creationism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved January 14, 2008 fro m http//plato. stanford. edu/entries/creationism/.

The Father of Revolution Essay Example for Free

The Father of Revolution proveI belong to the opposing group, who opposes Jose Rizal as the national hero, and affirms Andres Bonifacio, who truly owns the throne to the so-called title of study Hero which currently belongs to Jose Rizal.First of all, let me get some facts straight. His complete name is Andres Castro Bonifacio, and he was innate(p) on November 30, 1863 in Tondo, Manila and died on May 10, 1897 at a very young era of 33 in Maragondon, Cavite.Like Abraham Lincoln, his formal education was very limited because of his parents death when he was entirely 14. He was an avid reader too like Lincoln and has read numerous books like the french Revolution, Biographies of US Presidents and many others. As the eldest, he had to drop out from school in order to foul his siblings.Bonifacio was able to experienced working several odd jobs such as messenger, salesman and, warehouseman. He was also a businessman selling fans and canes. He founded the revolutionary movement known as KKK and was its supreme leader which want for independence from the Spaniards.Not known to many Filipinos, some historians regarded him as the first president of the Philippines. Andres Bonifacio and Greogoria De Jesus were marital at the historic Binondo Church in 1893. His wife, more popularly known as Aling Oriang, was the founder and the vice-president of the womens chapter of KKK.As a member of the Katipunan, Gregoria was designated the code name Lakambini which is the equivalent of goddess or muse in Tagalog dialect. Andres and Gregoria had a son named Andres but died of smallpox.Bonifacio was executed in 1897 and after more than a year his wife Gregoria met Julio Nakpil, a commander of the Katipunan troops in northern Philippines. They got married in December 1898 and had 5 children. The primary clinical of the establishment of KKK is to achieve independence from Spain through a revolution.On July 7, 1892, the day after Rizals exile to Dapitan, Andres Bonifacio fo unded the KKK Kataas-taasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respected Children of the Society of the Country) As a Katipunero, a member of the hugger-mugger society called KKK, Bonicafio used the pseudonym May Pag-asa (Theres hope).The first Supremo of the Katipunan, short of KKK, was Deodato Arellano, Bonicacios brother-in-law. The second KKK Supremo was romish Basa. Although Bonifacio was the founder, he only took over as Supremo in 1895 and prior to holding the laid-backest position he was the governments comptroller and then its fiscal.Bonifacio wrote the poem Pag-ibig sa Lupang Tinubuan (Love of Homeland) under the pseudonym Agapito Bagumbayan. With less than 300 KKK members in January 1896, memberships of the Katipunan soared high to more than 40,000 by August 1896 due to the publication of Kalayaan and membership spread out throughout Luzviminda.

Children and the Effects of Television Essay Example for Free

Children and the personal sums of Television EssayTelevision programs were created for children to learn everyday skills, but it burn down distinguish to start change children today because they take to be too much they start lacking in corporal operation and close to can fail distant and violent. Studies puzzle yieldn that children can run obese, violent and point dependent on video recording if resideed too much idiot box.Television can influence children in many different ship canal handle befitting obese, become dependent on it too much change drill habits and veritable(a) can become violent with watching different types of shows. It is epoch for p argonnts to start standing up and examine control all over what and just how much their children watch boob tube. It is said that children watch too much television system even though some studies relieve oneself proven that different types of childrens television shows tend to effect children in differen t ports also they learn new things faster. Shows like Blues Clues, Chuggington, Dinosaur Train, paddy field Mouse Club House, and Team Umizoomi are all filled with educational values that suspensor children win skills that they invite. Blues Clues is a much liked show by children ages 2-4. gibe to Common horse sense Media (2012), In fact, Blues Clues does a very fine job of treating its young viewers as the multifarious individuals that they are. This is very important to young children because it makes them feel as they are a part of something special when they watch shows like this.With these types of shows teach children how to have different types of important social skills, team seduce, science, alphabet, numbers, math problems and even have physical fitness in them which are some of the things that a child needs to survive. With these types of show is just what children need to help them expand their brains. According to PEDK (2012) Whichever program it may be, it has behavioral, psychological and emotional effects. (p.224).On the other slip away to a greater extent(prenominal) children are watching more television shows for an entertainment purpose which has no educational vales in them. Shows like Sponge Bob Square Pants, The Simpsons, Batman, and The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles which consist of having violence, rudeness, and poor role models for children are the iodines that are shaping our children in this day of age.It is up to the parent to make sure that their children are get the correct balance of fun, education, and physical activity to help them grow. Studies have shown that cartoons have the most major impacts on children because in the cartoons to children it is something done every day and ok to act out likes the character on television. According to Kids Health from Nemours (1995-2012), Kids who view violent acts are more likely to show aggressive behavior which has become an issue to many different children around the world today. Children are like little sponges soaking up everything they can because every little boy and girl wants to be like their favorite cartoon wedge heel or character.How much prison term a child watches television is a major factor in childrens behavior and their physical health. Whenever parents allow their children to sit in front of the television and watch more than four hours a day and then parents could be running a risk of their child to become more dependent on television to keep them entertained, and this can become very harmful to a childs health, or to their mental state as well. It can be hard on a parent try to clean house, cook a meal, and even do school work with children becoming bored, and parents just do not have the time to spend with them and then so it wait to be a helpful tool to be able to help at the time for them to watch television.One of the things that you can do to make sure when the appropriate times and what is the appropriate shows to watch ac cording to Kids Health from Nemours (1995-2012), Come up with a family TV schedule that you all apply upon each week. Then, post the schedule in a visible area (e.g., on the refrigerator) so that everyone knows which programs are OK to watch and when. And make sure to turn off the TV when the scheduled program is over instead of channel surfing. Instead of giving your children television time when they experience boredom some jot to them is to go outside and make believe that they are the characters in their favorite acquirement television show. other thing is get them some flash cards with math, spelling or any type of learning cards. If you distract children from television with something better then you will have a child that cares less some the television and more active playing with their learning games.Common assumption say that violent television shows can mold a child to be either violent when they get older or they develop a fear of being hurt. Children take what they see and apply it to what they do, kind of like the dictum Monkey see monkey do type of thing. According to Willson (2008) Wilson also shows that childrens susceptibility to media influence can vary according to their gender, their age, how realistic they perceive the media to be, and how much they identify with characters and people on the screen. (p. 87) Children need compulsory role models in their life and someone to tang up to in life and most children have their television characters. Parents can usually see the signs in a child just by the way they are when watching a certain television show, and the way that they act if they cannot see the television show is a sign that a parent needs to watch the television show to see what it is that is addicting about the show to their child to make them act out.There are many different types of signs to help parents know if the show that your child is watching is appropriate for them or if it is not appropriate for them. Some of the signs that parents want to look for is if they have trouble in school, with drawn away from friends and family just to name a few, and if you see these problems then as a parent should step in and try to pull the child/children away from the television shows that they watch. Some say that it cannot be done but studies have shown that if there is more quality time spent between parents and their child/children then they will more than likely not have the trust to watch television. Over the past 2 weeks I have been conducting my own personal study on how to keep your children from watching too much television and kept some notes on the effects it had on them.They are more a fan of watching different television shows and not wanting to even play with their toys. So one day I went to the store and bout some board games, activity books, coloring books, learning flash cards and even some reading books. What it is that I have fix is that if I just took an hour of my time to interact with them to help get them started and interested in one of the activitys that I have bought and got them started on one of them with me that I could leave them and do my school work, house work and even cook dinner and not one-time did I hear the words I want to watch television Aunt Becca So if parents just make the time to take time out of your time just to get them interested is a tremendous outcome in the end. fleshiness is one of the most dangerous side effects that are found in children that watch more television than get out and do physical activities. When children watch television after eating or while eating breakfast, snacks, lunches, and dinner are found that they dont want to get up, ascertain watching television and go outside and play with friends or siblings. Now they are doing nothing to help burn off the calories that they are consuming then they run a risk at becoming obese and develop other health issues later in life. According to How T.V. Effects Your Child (1995 -2012), Studies have shown that decreasing the amount of TV kids watched led to less weight gain and lower body bargain index (BMI a measurement derived from someones weight and height).One of the things that can help children avoid becoming sharp-set while watching television is by trying to minimize the commercials, because commercials are filled with yummy foods and snacks that they like to eat. One of the things to help with that would be when there is a commercial on pull them away to do some sort of activity like, clean their room, fold cloths, or just by even having them come in and explain what it is that is passing on in their television show. Monitoring what children watch on television is one of the best things that you can do to keep our children from becoming obese, violent, dependent on television, and less lush in school.In conclusion there are many different pros and cons of television and the effects that it has on children can go both ways, but it is up to the parents to make sure that their children get the physical activity, mental education and correct role models that they need to make sure that they live a more healthier and active life style. Because our children are the future of America and parents want to make sure that their future is going to be a bright and active life.ReferencePEDK, Dr. . B. (2012, January). A STUDY ON CHARACTERISTISCS OF PARENTS TV wake AND CHILDRENS OPINIONS ON THE CARTOONS THEY WATCHED. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3(1), 224-233.How T.V. Effects your child. (2011). Retrieved from http//www.nemours.org/content/nemours/wwwv2/patientfamily/khlibrary/articles/21720.htmlWillson, B. J. (2008, Spring). Media and Childrens Aggression, Fear, and Altruism. , 18(1), 87-118.

The Sherlock Holmes Essay Example for Free

The principal investigator Holmes EssaySherlock Holmes stories were first produce in 1887. The author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle was a Scottish author and physician he wrote 4 novels and 56 improvident stories that included the character Sherlock Holmes. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle claims that the stories were inspired by a man he once worked for at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary call(a) Dr Joseph Bell. Other than Sherlock Holmes, Dr Watson plays a main part in the legal age of the stories, playing the part of a friend, colleague, and side-kick. M any(prenominal) of the stories are narrated by Dr Watson, who was shown to keep written records of the cases. Sherlock Holmes was a well-known detective in Victorian England this means that all of his stories contain great mystery and suspense, both(prenominal) great qualities to hook any audience over the numerous years. The mystery is portrayed taking several(prenominal) different angles into the stories. The most common frame of mystery is the person who appears at the beginning of the story enquire for help A lady dressed in black and heavily veiled, who had been sitting in the windowpane rise as we entered,this quote from The Adventure of the Speckled Band is similar to quotes found in many of Conan Doyles other stories, dark figures, hiding identities and appearing at inconvenient times of the day are all aspects that regularly play part in the opening of the story. These types of openings are well written to encourage any reader into questioning who the strange person is and what has caused them to ask for help. The character of Sherlock Holmes is a strange one, who ever manages to impress you with his great intelligence and ability to think out side the box. He is shown to be very observant by nonicing small details about peopleThe left hand arm of your jacket is sprinkle with mud in no less than several places There is no vehicle save a dog cart which throw up mud that path, and only when you sit on th e left turn over side of the driver. The way he takes in each small detail of a person or object shows to assist him in solving his difficult and extraordinary cases. Holmes attention to detail is used to throw a reader as usually the things he points out are things that you would not usually plain think about to take notice of, such as that the lady had sat on the left hand side of the dogcart.Sherlock Holmes is also shown to be a strange man in the way that whenever he has a case to solve, he refuses to sleep but instead spends his night sitting sens on the floor, going over and over the facts and evidence in his head until he eventually whole shebang out what has happened, usually at some early hour of the morning He took off his finishing and waist coat, put on a massive blue dressing-gown, and then wandered about the room solicitation pillows from his bed, and the cushions from the sofa and armchairs. upon which he perchedhimself cross-legged, with an ounce of shag tob acco and a box of matches. In this scene Sherlock Holmes shows that he is a man who enjoys comfort and freedom, this is demonstrated by the fact he wears a large blue dressing gown, and sits himself up on a large pile of cushions and pillows. The fact he is shown to be very used to having the finer things in life shows that he is most likely to be a wealthy man, who grew up in a privileged family. For people who grew up in a not so privileged family they may enjoy reading these books, as to gain an idea of what it is like to wait an upper class life.In The Man With The Twisted Lip Sherlock Holmes is found in an opium den, this was a very strange place to find him, and when Watson, notices him, you begin to question in your mind, as to weather he really is a respectable character, or whether its Watson who has got it wrong, as traditionally an opium den was used by the dishonor class, rougher characters. It is the unexpected twists in the stories that have helped to grip readers a nd sustain the popularity of the stories over the many years.

Importance of Communication in Nursing

greatness of conversation in hold dearINTRODUCTIONCommunication is a process and has m any grammatical constructions to it. Communication is a dynamic process by which cultivation is sh argond between individuals (Sheldon 2005). This process requires three components (Linear model), the sender, the receiver and the message (Alder 2003). Communication would non be possible if any of these components atomic numerate 18 absent. While peate (2006) has suggested that chat is done e real day by a e bigated process, Spo accustom (2008) argues that it is non so simple and does not follow to a greater extent than(prenominal) a linear process. He explains that cod to messages macrocosm sent at the same conviction by essence of verbal and non- verbal avenues, it is expected the receiver is able to understand the way this is communicated.Effective confabulation need knowledge of darling verbal and non-verbal communicating techniques and the possible barriers that whiteth orn affect mature confabulation. The she-goat and Midwifery council (2008) states that a retain has exitive parley skills before they smoke register as it ar seen as an each important(p) branch of a nurses delivery of oversee. (WAG 2003)Reflecting on discourse in practice will besides enforce the hypothesis behind talk and allow a nurse to look at bad and good communicating in dissimilar places. This will then enforce the down of good talk techniques in a variety of situations allowing for a more(prenominal) interpersonal and therapeutic nurse diligent relationship.This assignment discusses health mission dialogue and why it is important in breast feeding byExploring verbal and non-verbal communion and possible barriersBy exploring the rudiments of cargon set out by the Welsh assembly and the nurse and midwifery councils grave of conduct a smash appreciation of the sizeableness of conversation is gained.Reflecting in practice using a scenario from my comm building blocky posting.VERBAL communionVerbal discuss comes in the form of spoken language it stand be formal or informal in its delivery. Verbal Language is one of the primary slipway in which we communicate and is a good way to gather information through a interrogate (an integral part of dialogue) and answer process (Berry 2007 Hawkins and Power 1999). Therefore verbal parley in treat should be seen as a primary process and a powerful pawn in the perspicacity of a enduring.There be two main types of incertitudeing, cleared-ended headways or unlikable questions. Open-ended questions take to the woods to warrant more than a one word response and superior usually start with what, who, where, when, why and how. It invites the diligent to talk more around their experi affable condition and how they may be savoring and provoke a more detailed sound judgement to be concured (Stevenson 2004). The substance ab engagement vindicated-ended questions m ake the persevering touch sensation they work the circumspection of the nurse and they are macrocosm listened too (Grover 2005). It allows for a psychological focus to be ante upn, this feeling of fire in all aspects of the endurings care allows for a therapeutic relationship to develop (Dougherty 2008).Closed questions looks for very specialized information about the persevering (Dougherty 2008). They are very good at ascertaining factual information in a short s footmark of m (Baillie 2005).There are two types of unsympathetic questions the foc utilize and the dual choice questions. Focused questions tend to acquire information about a particular clinical situation (e.g. communicate a patient who is been prescribed Ibuprofen, are you asthmatic?) whereas multiple choice questions tend to be more based on the nurses understanding of the condition being assessed. It cigaret be used as a tool to serve up the patient describe for ex sizable the pain they feel e.g. is the pain dull, sharp, buffeting etc (Stevenson 2004).For verbal communication to be impressive, good listening skills is essential. Difficulty in sharing information, concerns or feelings could devise if the person you are communicating with thinks you are not being attentive and interested in what they are saying (Andrews 2001). Good active listening finish charter to a better understanding of the patients most recent health issues (Sheldon 2005). Poor listening could be as a result of message overload, sensible noise, poor effort and psychological noise. Therefore being prepared to listen and putting the effort and while are essential in a nurses role (Grover 2005).NON-VERBAL colloquyThis type of communication does not drive spoken language and foot well-nightimes be more streamlined than words that are spoken. close to 60 65 per cent of communication between people is through non verbal behaviours and that these behaviours shag give clues to feelings and emotions the patient may be experiencing (Foley 2010, p. 38). Non-verbal communication functions as a replacement for speech to re pro massive verbal communication to control the flow of communication to convey emotions to help define relationships and to a fault a way of big feedback. The integration between verbal language and paralanguage (vocal), tramp affect communication received (Spouse 2008)Berry (2007) highlights the depth of verbal language due to the use of paralinguistic language. The way we ask a question, the tone, and pitch, volume and speed all book an integral part to play in non verbal communication. In his opinion, personality is delegaten in the way that paralanguage is used as well as adding depth of nub in the presentation of the message been communicated.Foley (2010) identifies studies where language has no real prevalence in getting crosswise emotional feelings, in the majority of cases the person understands the emotion even if they dont understand what is b eing said. Paralanguage and then is an important tool in identifying the emotional state of a patient.Non-verbal actions (kinesis) can communicate messages, such(prenominal) as body language, touch, gestures, facial expressions and look touch. By using the universal facial expressions of emotion, our face can show many emotions without verbally saying how we feel (Foley 2010) refer to Appendix 2. For example, we raise our eye brows when surprised, or open our eye wider when shocked.First impressions are vital for effective interaction by remembering to smile with your eyes as well as your mouth can communicate an access codeable person who is open. This can help to reassure a patient who is showing signs of anxiety (Mason 2010).BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATIONThe understanding of the barriers to communication is in addition very important for effective communication and taken into consideration could result in a failure in communication. The Welsh Assemblys basics of care (2003) showe d that many of the problems associated with health and favorable care was due to failures in communication. These barriers may be the messenger portraying a judgmental or power attitude. Dickson (1999) suggested that social class can be a barrier to communication by distorting the message being given and received as would be the case if the patients feel they occupy an inferior status olibanum making communication difficult and awk hold.Environmental barriers such as a busy ward and a stressed nurse could cultivate effective communication. This can greatly reduce the level of empathy and communication given as suggested by Endacott (2009). plenty with learning disabilities come up against barriers in communicating their demand, due to their inability to communicate verbally, or inefficient to understand complex refreshing information. This leads to a breakdown in communication and their health care demand being met (Turnbull 2010).Timby (2005) stresses that when effectively communicating with patients the law as well as the NMC (2008) guidelines for consent and confidentiality must be adhered to. This also takes into account handing over to separate overlord persons. He suggests that a patients rights to autonomy should be upheld and respected without any go or intimidation, think slight of age, religion, gender or race. The use of communication in practice is essential and excogitateing on past bring forth helps for a better understanding of communication, good and bad.REFLECTIONReflecting on my experience while on placement in a G.P with a practice nurse in sulphur Wales Valleys, has helped me understand and gain practical knowledge in communicating effectively in nursing practice. The duration was for one week and includes appointments in several clinics to do with C.O.P.D and diabetes. I will be reflecting upon one of such appointments using the Gibbss reflective cycle (1988).DescriptionDue to confidentiality (NMC, 2008) the patient will be referred to as Mrs A.E. The control called Mrs A.E to come to the appointment room. I could see she was en thereofiastic through her body language (palm trembling and sweaty, fidgety, mollify and rapid speech). The nurse asked her to sit down. The nurse gained consent for me to sit in on her fall over (NMC, 2008).The appraise started with a basic questionnaire the nurse had pre generated on the computer. It was a clean closed questionnaire around her breathing including how it was, when it was laboured. Questions were also asked around her medication and how she was taking her pumps. Reflecting on these questions, I feel that the way the questions did not leave much opportunity for Mrs A.E to say anything else apart from the answer to that question and the nurse controlled the communication flow. The Nurse did not retain much eye contact with the patient and was facing the computer rather than her patient. I wondered if the nurse had card the anxious non-verbal communicatio n signs. The patient seemed almost on the verge of tears, I wasnt sure if this was anxiety or distress from being unwell, barrier of social class or if the lady was unhappy about something else. I matt-up quite sorry for her as all her body language communicated to me that she was not happy. She had her arms get across across her body (an indication of timidity) and she did not smile, she also looked very tense and uncomfortable.The Nurse went on with the general assessment and did the lung test and I took the blood pressure and pulse, gaining consent first as required by the NMC. Once all the questions had been answered on the computer the Nurse turned to face Mrs A.E and I noticed she had eye contact with her and had her body exquisitely tilted toward the patient (non verbal communication). The Nurse gave her information on why her asthma may be a bit worse at the moment and gave her clear and trance information on how she can make herself more comfortable. The Nurse gave her broods of guidance on the use of her three distinct pumps, and got her to repeat back to her the instructions she had given to make sure she silent. I could feel the patient getting more at easy as the communication progressed and also on the chit that she understood the instruction. The Nurse knew this patient well and then set the rest of the time talking to the patient about any other concerns she had and how she was feeling in herself, using a more open question technique.The nurse used her active listening skills and allowed the patient to talk about her problems and gave her empathy at her situation as well and some solutions to think about. She gave the patient information of a support group that helped build up confidence in people with chronic conditions and helped them deal with the emotional side of their condition.FeelingsAfter the patient had gone, my wise man explained that the patient was a known regular patient to the clinic, that she had many anxiety issues which werent helped by her chronic asthma.Through-out the runner of the review I felt very awkward. I thought because I was sitting in on the review may restrain been the reason the lady had not said why she seemed so anxious and upset. I also felt the nurse was not reacting to the sign of anxiety from Mrs A.E and this made me feel uncomfortable. I felt like I wanted to ask her if she was ok, but felt that I couldnt interrupt the review. however by the end of the review I felt a lot better about how it had gone. I did feel that by make up a relationship with the patients allowed the nurse to understand the communication needs of the patient and also allowed her to use the time she had effectively. She used empathy in her nestle to the lady and actively listened to her. I understand that the start of the review was about getting the facts of the condition using a lot of closed questions, whereas the later part of the review was a more open questions and non verbal communication appro ach, allowing the patient to sing about any concerns and feelings about those questions asked earlier. military rankEffectively using closed questions allow for a lot of information to be gathered in a short space of time, and can be ad hoc to the patients review needs. These pre-generated questionnaires are good at acquiring the information needed by the G.P. and also for good record keeping which are essential in the continuity of care delivered to the patient. It can also protect the nurse from any litigation issues.The use of open and closed questions also allowed for the review to explore the thoughts and feelings of the patient, thus allowing for empathy from the nurse and is considered a vital part of the counselling relationship (Chowdhry, 2010 pg. 22).yet the use of the computer silver screen facing away from the patient, did not allow for good non-verbal communication skills to be used. The lack of eye contact from the nurse may thrust exacerbated the anxiety felt by t he patient. Hayward (1975, p. 50) in a summary of investigate into anxiety noted uncertainty about illness or future problems was linked to anxiety and wherefore linked to pain.Nazarko (2009) points out, it is imperative that a person has the full attention of the nurse when they are communicating. He states that being aware of ones own non-verbal behaviours, such as posture and eye contact can have an effect on how communication is received by the patient.As evident in the reflection, the patient at the offset of the review was anxious, upset and worried. By the end of the review her body language had significantly adjustmentd. The patient looked and felt a lot better in herself and had a better understanding of how her condition was affecting her and understood how to manage it. Whereas, bad communication would have caused more stress and aggression ( treat standard 34 (30) 2010). This also links back to the need to understand medical conditions so that communication is beaml ed to the patients needs at the time. The fundamentals of care set out by the Welsh Assembly Government (2003), states that communication is of upmost immensity in the effectiveness of care given by nurses. By looking at all the fundamentals of communication and the effect on patient care we can understand and recognise that the communication in this reflection was a good communication in practice.AnalysisThe closed questions were used at the rootage of the review, had their advantages. They allowed the nurse to focus the on the specific clinical facts needed to be recorded. The start of the review used mainly closed questions to get all the clinical facts needed to be recorded, such as face-to-face information, Spirometry results, blood pressure, drug management of COPD (Robinson, 2010). The structured approach allows the nurse to evaluate using measurable outcomes and thus interventions adjusted accordingly (Dougherty, 2008). The closed question approach allows the consultation to be shortened if time is an issue. However the disadvantage of this as identified by Berry (2007) is that important information may be missed. The use of closed questions on a computer screen hindered the use of non-verbal communication. Not allowing for eye contact, which is an important aspect of effective communication.The use of open questions in the review allowed the patient to express how they were feeling about their condition or any other worries. The nurse used active listening skills, communicated in her non-verbal behaviour. It gave the opportunity to the patient to ask for advice on any worries they might have. The use of open questions can provoke a long and sometimes not totally relevant response (Baillie, 2005), using up valuable time.The use of Egan (1990, p. 46) acronym SOLER allowed the nurse to focus on the skill of actively listening.Eye contact is another(prenominal) important part of communication in the reflective scenario. The eye contact at the start of the review was limited. The nurse made slight eye contact when asking the closed questions, but made none when given the answer. This may have contributed to the patients anxious state. However, the eye contact given during the open questions section. At this stage, there were several eye contacts between the nurse and patient and information was given and understood. The value of eye contact in communication is valuable and has great effect at reducing symptoms of anxiety (Dougherty 2008).Reflection conclusionThe use of communication in this COPD review was very structured. The use of closed questions helped to structure the consultation and acquire lots of information from the patient. The open questions allowed for the patient to express any feeling or concerns. The nurse used verbal and non-verbal communication methods, to obtain information about the patient assess any needs and communicate back to the patient, within the time finish. However in my opinion, if the computer sc reen was moved closer to the patient during the closed question section, better interaction could have been established from the beginning. It would also allow the nurse to look at the patient when asking the questions leading to a more therapeutic relationship, whilst still obtaining and recording a large amount of information.Therefore, the use of effective communication skills as seen in this review along with a person centred approach can significantly increase better treatment and care given to the patient (Spouse, 2008) and thus signifies good communication in practice.Action PlanThe goal of the curriculum is to increasing patient participation in the use of the computer as an interactive tool. By allowing the patient to see what is on the screen and being compose, allows the patient to feel more involved in the assessment and takes away any feeling of inferiority from social class difference.In attempt to achieving these goals, the following steps would be takenSet up a po lice squad to investigate the issue which could involve nursing staffs or other hospital staffs.Drawing up a feedback questionnaire, to investigate how patients feel about the closed questions on the computer, including a section on how they would feel if they were allowed to look at the screen.Collation, analysis and review of the results of the feedbackIdentify barriers to the implementation of the plan (e.g. willingness of nurses to this change).Inform the NMC on the issues and the summonings from the feedback questionnaire. execution of the plan.Set up a monitoring and evaluation group to see if the plan is being implemented impoundly.CONCLUSIONThis assignment has looked at communication and its splendor in nursing practice. Communication is thus an iterative process involving the interaction between one or more persons using verbal and non-verbal methods. Understanding the barriers to communication contributes significantly to how effective a nurse communicates in practic e. The use of questioning in nursing has been a valuable tool in assessing a patient and obtaining information. However the way this is done can have an effect on the direction of empathy, trust, genuineness and respect, between the nurse and the patient. It is imperative for nurses to however reflect on their communication in practice to further correct the therapeutic relationship between them and the patient as has been identified as essential in the delivery of care (WAG 2003).REFERENCESAlder, RB. Rodman, G. 2003. Understanding human communication (8th edition). the States Oxford university pressAndrews C, Smith J (2001) Medical nursing (11th edition) capital of the United Kingdom Harcourt Publishers limitedBerry, D. 2007. Basic forms of communication. Cited in. Payne, S. Horn, S. ed. Health communication theory and practice. England Open university press.Chowdhry, S. 2010. Exploring the concept of empathy in nursing can lead to abuse of patient trust. Nursing times 160 (42) pg 22-25Dickson, D. 1999. Barriers to communication. Cited In Long, A. ed. Interaction for practice in community nursing. England Macmillian press LTD, pp. 84-132Dougherty, L. Lister,S. ed. 2008. The royal marsden hospital manual of clinical nursing procedures. Student edition. 7th edition. Italy Wiley-BlackwellEgan, G. 1990. The skilled helper A systematic approach to effective helping. (4th edition). California Brooks /ColeEkman, p. Friesen, WV. 1975. Unmasking the face. Englewood cliffs, NJ prentice-hall INCEndacott R, Jevon P, Cooper S (2009) Clinical Nursing Skills Core and Advanced. Oxford Oxford University Press.Foley, GN. 2010. Non-verbal communication in psychotherapy. Psychiatry (Edgemont) 7 (6) pg. 38-44Gibbs, G. 1988. Learning by doing a guide to belief and learning methods. Oxford Oxford futher education unit.Grover, SM. 2005. Shaping effective communication skills and therapeutic relationship at work. Aaohn journal 53 (4) pg. 177-182Hawkins, K. Power, C. 1999. Gende r differences in questions asked during small decision-making group discussions, small group research.(30) pg.235-256Hayward, J. 1975. Information A prescription against pain. London Royal college of nursing. Pg. 50Marie- Claire Mason (2010) Effective interaction Nursing Standard 24 (31) pp 25.Nazarko, L. 2009. Advanced communication skills. British journal of health care assistants. 3 (09) pg 449-452Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2008) The Code Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. London. NMCPeate, I. 2006. neat a nursein the 21st century. England Wiley and SonRobinson, T. 2010. Empowering people to self-manage COPD with management plans and hand held records. Nursing times. 106 (38) pg. 12-14Sale, J. Neal, NM. 2005. The nurses approach self-awareness and communication. Cited in Ballie, L. ed. underdeveloped practical nursing skills (2nd edition). London Oxford university press. Pg. 33-57Sheldon, L. 2005. Communication for nurses Talking wi th patients. London Jones and Bartlett publishers.Spouse, J. Cook, M. Cox, C. 2008. Common foundation studies in nursing (4th edition). London Churchill livingstone.Stevenson C, Grieves M, Stein Parbury J 2004 Patient and Person Empowering Interpersonal relationships in Nursing London. Elsevier Limited.Timby BK (2005) Fundemental Nursing Skills and Concepts Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams and WilkinsTurnbull J, Chapman S (2010) Supporting Choice in Health Care for People with Learning Disabilities. Nursing Standard 24 (22) pg 50 55Welsh Assembly Government (2003) Fundamentals of Care counsellor for Health and Social Care Staff Cardiff WAGImportance of Communication in NursingImportance of Communication in NursingCommunication in nursingIntroductionCommunication in nursing is vital to quality and safe nursing care (Judd, 2013). There is separate that continues to show that breakdowns in communication can be responsible for many medication errors, unnecessary health care costs a nd incompetent care to the patient (Judd, 2013). Several reports exist from the Institute of Medicine that stress the importance of good communication and its link to providing safe and reliable care (Judd, 2013). (Smith Pressman, 2010). However, even nurses with the best communication skills can be challenged by difficult situations such as invigoration threatening threatening illness or injury, complicated family relationships, and mental health issues, to symptoms such as unrelieved pain and nausea. How a nurse may respond during these situations depends on many doers. Each nurse brings their own history, culture, experience, and personality to a situation. Communication in the workplace can either be horizontal among workers at the same class-conscious level, vertical among workers in different hierarchical levels or diagonal amongst different workers in different hierarchical levels. All these kinds of communication are crucial in the work environment because work needs t o be done and goals need to be met. A communication channel is made up of three components made up of the sender of the message (encoder), the channel of sending the message and the receiver of the message (decoder) (Anderson, 2013). For effective communication to be achieved, the encoder and the decoder must be able to understand one another. This paper will discuss some strategies which could be implemented to correct both written and verbal communication between nurses, health lords and between patients and the health care team.Communication, a fundamental aspect of nursing, is a complex, continual transactional process that haps between persons by which information, feelings, and kernel are conveyed through verbal and non verbal messages (Peereboom, 2012). It is crucial for nurses to identify communication strategies that should be put into consideration every time they are involved in conversations involving their line of practice. This is because clear and accurate communi cation strategies enable them to identify effective patterns in their interactions and in teaching themselves to improve their patient education techniques. Handover communication between practitioners may at times seclude crucial information and is even prone to misinterpretation. Such communication breakups and challenges can lead to intense mishaps in the continuity of health care, incorrect treatment, and latent harm to the patient in general (Memoire, 2007).Simple strategies can easily impart critical information just by eye sight. For instance, nurses are able to communicate critical patient status issues like allergies and fall risk with color-coded patient appointment wrist bands or stickers on their medical records, a seat belt or flag accustomed to a wheel chair, or any other objects which are easily identifiable by all medical practitioners (Joint contribution resources, 2005). The use of local anaesthetic jargon can also be avoided when making professional conversati ons because some words may portray a meaning that was not intended or is not readily understood by a large chip of people.Assimilation of the ISBAR tool is a scheme that has been really helpful in enhancing communication in the health care sphere when used. Identifying yourself (I), availability of the situation (S), screen background (B), assessment (A), and recommendations (R) facilitates communication allowing each health practitioner to receive and give important information in a format that satisfies numerous communication styles and needs (Dixon et al., 2006). This tool should be adopted by everyone to improve communication is because this technique utilizes the use of one customary language for passing on critical information without leaving out anything.Another strategy that can be used to improve communication in health care centers is the Crew Resource Management technique which is both a communication and team building technique (ECRI, 2009). This strategy trains memb ers of the healthcare sector to assert themselves respectively and be attentive when they are being spoken to and also encourages them to make use of briefings. Briefings are direct communications between physicians, nurses or other caregivers acting on patient status which includes sharing of important information at critical times, such as before the start of a procedure, at the change of shift and during normal patient rounds (ECRI, 2009).COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PATIENTS AND THE HEALTH CARE TEAMOne stratergy that can be used to improve communication between patients and the health care team is the use of The World Health Organization Surgical pencil eraser Checklist. This add togetherlist is to be used in operating suites to ensure everyone involved with the patient including the patient understands what procedure they are having ad gives prompts to tick off so important information is not missed during handovers leading to trim back inpatient complications and death (Department of Health, 2010).In addition to the patient, their family members or next of kin can also be include in the rounds further increasing the opportunity for direct dialogue which reduces the development of complications which arise as a result of miscommunication in the form of home care. It is important to note that if personal care by the family of the patient is not provided as requested by the medical practitioner, cohesive care is not complaisant and the opportunity to achieve patient care goals will not be met (OLeary et al., 2010). Joint commission reports also indicate that health practitioners should also encourage patients to actively participate in their own care as a strategy to enhance communicational barriers (Stein, 2006). Successful interactions are always co-constructed, involving a constant interplay among the two parties. When the patient and the healthcare provider are comfortable with one another communicating becomes easy and more effective in the sense that the healthcare provider will be able to solve the needs of the patient.COMMUNICATION BETWEEN HEALTH CARE DISCIPLINESCommunication between medical practitioners can greatly make up ones mind the general patients care outcomes. Medical practitioners are in the frontline to investigate and identify communication challenges and try to implement solutions that fit their line of duty. Some further research is also being carried out to evaluate potential solutions and more successful options (Rosenstein, 2005).Creating a collaborative relationship between nurses and other medical practitioners is also another strategy that can help reduce communicational barriers and thus improve the general treatment of patients (Arora, 2005). With regard to Schmalenberg and Kramer (2005), MD/ RN collaboration is reflected in reduced patient mortality, fewer transfers back to the ICU, reduced costs, decrease length of stay in hospitals, higher nurse autonym, retention, nurse-perceived high quality care, an d nurse job enjoyment. Larabee (2006) also found out that positive relationships between medical practitioners were a major contributing factor to better nursing job delight and retention. Positive collegial relationships therefore result from good communication, vernacular acceptance and understanding, use of persuasion rather than coercion, and a balance of reason and emotion when working with others (College of Nurses of Ontario, 2009, pg. 7).COMMUNICATION BETWEEN NURSESA number of strategies have been set up to address communication issues among nurses. For instance, the implementation of unit based care teams places nurses and people like physicians close to one another thus increasing the chances of communicating effectively (Gordon et al, 2011). The introduction of compulsory bed rounds is also another strategy that has enabled nurses to reduce communication barriers and put forward effective communication thus creating patient health satisfaction and general health care providers satisfaction in their duties.The continuous flow of interruptions and multiple patient handoffs affect the ability of nurses and physicians to connect effectively, and establish a trusting and collegial relationship (Tschannen et al., 2011). The fact that the working environment of nurses and other medical practitioners is rather different also induces a number of communication barriers with regard to the intensity of activities on a normal working day (Burns, 2011).this could be improv4d byCommunication challenges are recognized when set goals or achievements are not met or when there is great employee turnover. Technological advances have opened up communication across boundaries of different countries meaning that people with different languages, behaviors and culture interact with one another (Krizan, 2010).In the health care sector in particular, the most pertinent communication barrier is the inability for colleagues to interact physically as they are separated in d ifferent departments (Vignam, 2013). This lack of interaction minimizes the ability for team members to collaborate wholly in the sense that the ability to analyze body language and create a sense of energy among team members is null. This can be improved byBarriersBarriers to communication that exist are the use of machinery and equipment that might go bad and deliver the message later than expected thus reducing the urgency of information. In addition to this, these machines are not able to express aspects of speech such as tone thus making them a true barrier to effective communication. Language is also a major communication barrier in the case where colleagues do not speak the same language or where they have difficulty in articulating clearly in one common language. The use of local idioms, jargon and acronyms further complicates language and kills communication among team members who find certain words ambiguous (Lingard, 2005). A patient in a hospital setting usually sees mo re than one health care practitioner and specialist during their stay (Memoire, 2007). Handover communication between practitioners may at times seclude crucial information and is even prone to misinterpretation.By improving communication among healthcare professionals the delivery of patient care improves and is saferStrong and effective nursing care is enriched and strengthen by good communication (2)In Victoria, the direct cost of medicalerrors in public hospitals is estimated at half a billion dollars annually 1. Today, healthcare isevermore complex and diverse, and improving communication among healthcare professionalsis likely to support the safe delivery of patient care.ReferencesAnderson, P., 2013. Technical communication, cengage learning, CanadaArora V, Johnson J, Lovinger D. (2005) Communication failures in patient sign-out and suggestions for return a critical incident analysis. Qual Saf Health CareBurns, K. (2011). Nurse-physician rounds A collaborative approach to im proving communication, efficiencies, and erudition of care. MEDSURG NursingDixon, J., Larison, K., Zabari, M. (2006). Skilled communication Making it real. AACN Advanced full of life CareCollege of nurses of Ontario. (2009), conflict prevention and management, Toronto, ONECRI. (2009), Healthcare risk control, 5200 butler pike, Plymouth showdown, PA 19462-1298, the StatesFernandez, R., Tran, D., Johnson, M., Jones, S. (2010).Interdisciplinary communication in general medical and surgical wards using two different models of nursing care delivery. daybookOf Nursing ManagementGordon, M., Melvin, P., Graham, D., Fifer, E., Chiang, V., Sectish, T., Landrigan, C. (2011). Unit-based care teams and the frequence and quality of physician-nurse communications. record of Pediatric Adolescent MedicineJoint commission resources. (2005), issues and strategies for nurse leaders meeting hospital challenges today, joint commission resources, Inc, USAKrizan, A., Merrier, P., Logan, J., Will iams, K., 2010. Business communication Business communication series, Mason USA Cengage learningLarabee, L., Janney, M., Ostrow, C. Withrow, M. Hobbs, G. Burant, C. (2007), predicting registered nurse job satisfaction and intent to leave, journal of nursingLingard L, Espin S, Rubin B. (2005) Getting teams to talk development and pilot implementation of a checklist to promote interprofessional communication in the OR. Qual Saf Health CareMemoire, A. (2007), communicating during patient hand over, patient safety solutions, vol 1OLeary, K., Thompson, J., Landler, M., Kulkarni, N., Hawiley, C., Jeon, J.Williams, M. (2010). Patterns of nurse-physician communication and agreement on the plan of care. tonicity and Safety in HealthcarePeereboom, K. (2012), facilitating goals of care discussions for patients with life limiting disease- communication strategies for nurses, journal of hospice and palliative careRosenstein AH, ODaniel M. (2005). Disruptive behavior clinical outcomes Perceptio ns of nurses and physicians.American Journal of NursingStein JS. (2006) Improving patient safety communication. Presented at Philadelphia Area Society for Healthcare Risk Management Mar 16 ECRI Institute, Plymouth Meeting (PA).Schmalenberg, C. Kramer, M., King, C. (2005), excellence through evidence securing collegial nurse physician relationships, journal of nursing administrationSchmalenberg, C., Kramer, M. (2009). Nurse-physician relationships in hospitals 20,000 nurses tell their story. Critical Care NurseVigman, S., 2013. Global challenges communication and culture people issues in a global environment, men solutions reviewDepartment of Health 2010Promoting effective communication among healthcare professionals to improve patient safety 1-1-7Retrieved fromhttp//www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/downloads/communication_paper_120710.pdfhttp//www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycoun http//www.health.vic.gov.au/qualitycouncil/downloads/communication_paPromoting effective coImportance of Communication in NursingImportance of Communication in NursingCommunication is a huge topic and can be considered on many different levels from a professional viewpoint. We can consider issues such as the relevance of heterogeneous forms of communication between the healthcare professionals and the patient which, ultimately determines many of the parameters of treatment (and compliance).(Stewart M 1995)We can also consider the importance of communication between healthcare professionals themselves which can cause inordinate problems for the patient if they are less than optimal. (Hogard E et al. 2006)Firstly, communication requires a definition.There are many attempts at trying to define the essence of communication. They all differ in detail but, in essence, they all describe a complex process of both sending and receiving messages which can be either verbal or non-verbal or, more comm notwithstanding, a mixture of both. This interchange allows for an exchange of information, feelings, needs, and preferences. typically the two protagonists in a communication exchange will encode and decode messages in a cyclic pattern. Each making an analysis and response to the preceding gambit. (Wilkinson SA et al. 1999)In the context of professional nursing, its objective is generally manifold but will include the intend of establishing a nurse-patient relationship, to be a tool for expressing concerns or interest in the patients circumstances, to elicit information relevant to the patients condition and to provide healthcare information. (Bugge E et al. 2006)Implicit in the process of communication is the achievement of a shared understanding of meaning. This is validated by the process of feedback interpretation which indicates if the actual meaning of the message was interpreted as it was originally intended.Communication can be categorised into both type and level. In a nursing-specific context, the level of communication can be defined as Social which is consid ered to be safe and non-contentious, incorporated, which is typically utilised for situations of teaching and patient interviews and Therapeutic which has the characteristic of being specifically patient focussed, earnest and generally time limited. If this is successful it develops further characteristics such as the nurse comes to regard the patient as a unique individual and begins to understand their motivations, and the patient develops a trust in the nurse. It is within this communication context that the nurse is generally able to try to provide care and, more importantly in some instances, help patient identify, resolve, or adapt to health problems. (DAngelica M et al. 1998)The types of communication are receptive of endless subdivisions, but in wide-cut terms, they are classified as verbal and non-verbal.The verbal communication requires, by definition, the conscious use of the spoken or written word. The nature, grammar and syntax of the words can reflect the patients mental age, their education, their culture and in some cases their mental state and feelings of the moment. Certain inferences can be made from the way the words are delivered such as their choice, their tone or pace of delivery. The characteristics most favourable for efficient and effective communication are that the words should be simple, brief, clear, well timed, relevant, adaptable, believable. (Philipp R et al. 2005)Non-verbal communication relies on the interpretation of facial expressions, hand gestures, and body language. This is an extremely subtle means of communication and can give credence (or otherwise) to the spoken word. In the nursing context, non-verbal communication can be manipulated to the nurses advantage to help to elicit information that may otherwise not have been forthcoming. It has been estimated that non-verbal communication accounts for up to 85% of information transfer between communicating adults. In the professional nursing context it requires both s ystematic observation and careful assessment and interpretation to derive the full meaning of what the patient wishes to convey. Most importantly, the nurse should be aware of incongruity between the verbal message and the non-verbal cues. The patient who smiles while describing a terrible pain is one such example. (Musselman C et al. 1999)Implicit in the understanding and correct interpretation of the non-verbal cues, (and to a lesser extent the verbal ones), is an appreciation of the various environmental and circumstantial factors which can affect the process of communication. There are a number of factors that are of relevance to the clinical situation, including the culture, developmental level, physical psychological barriers that pertain to the patient, their personal space (proxemics) and territoriality that they perceive, the roles and relationships of the people that they are speaking to, the local environment, and their personal attitudes and values and level of self es teem. (Derjung M et al. 2006)On a personal level, I find communication skills most important in the context of the nursing report. One can experience situations where a report is given and very belittled real information is passed between professionals. Other situations can occur where perhaps the same length of time is taken but enormous amounts of information can be derived from a good report.I recall one particular handover report which, despite being fairly long, left me with no clear information as to what was going on with the patients on the ward. I couldnt recognise them as people and they were presented more as cattle. The report itself was completely task orientated and comprised little more than a list of jobs that the nurse herself had not been able to accomplish that day.If we consider the literature on the subject we can note that the nursing report predates the Nightingale era. (Carrick P 2000). The nursing profession has evolved as have the requirements, demands and procedures employed. The nursing report is no exception to this evolution. As with any process that involves humans, there is an inalienable variability. It is seldom perfect and its standard can vary all the way from excellent to dreadful (RCN.2003)In consideration of chin-waggings made earlier in this essay we note that the issue of report giving is overt of considerable improvement with learning. This was demonstrated by two independent researchers who produced two seminal papers on the subject coincidentally at virtually the same time. (Ljukkonen A 1992) (Kihlgren et al 1992). In essence, their studies were a period of observation and analysis, a instruction period and then another period of reanalysis.There is no merit in considering the entire paper in detail here, but the significant findings (in terms of communication) were that before the training the reports were generallyHighly task oriented and (it was noted that) the staff often discussed the patients reaction in unnoticeable and general terms without imparting any specific or useful information.The authors were also able to gloss that the nursing process was seldom adhered to during the structuring of the report.During the post training assessment the authors noted that the most significant areas of change wereMore messages were given per report after the intervention compared to the control ward and the messages with psychosocial content had doubled.The relevance to communication issues is clear. These two studies show that communication is not necessarily innate, but is a skill that can be both learned and enhanced. Good communication equates with both skill and, in the case of these two studies, less dissatisfaction and a greater team empathy between nursing colleagues which led to more collaboration between the various teams working on the ward.There are a number of ways in which we can approach the discussion of such topics and we shall consider a few specific different types of comm unication as an exemplifying vehicle for discussion.Much original and groundbreaking work in the area of communication in the healthcare setting was done by Orlando about two decades ago (Orlando I. J. 1987) who suggested that one of the core roles of the healthcare professionals (he was musical composition specifically about nurses at the time) was toascertain and prioritise the patients needs and instigate and plan leave help.Few would disagree with this comment, but it is clear that effective and precise communication between patient and nurse is essential if the patients needs are to be ascertained accurately in the first instance. Communication between healthcare professionals, the patient and other legitimately interested parties such as carers, is then vital if such a plan is then to be optimally implementedThe importance of communication as a skill is clearly demonstrated by the fact that it is currently include as one of the six core skills required of the modern nurse ma nager. (ICN 1998).Another indicator of the importance of good communication is the fact that the majority of complaints currently made to UK Hospital Trusts can ultimately be traced back to poor communication (Richards T 1999).Communication is an attribute and skill that is rarely intuitive. (Davies et al. 2002). There are a great many papers which demonstrate the fact that communication skills can be improved at all levels of competence with both practice and learning. (Hulsman R L et al. 1999)A particularly spatiotemporal review has been recently published by Heinmann-Koch (2005) which gives an excellent analysis of the strengths and deficiencies in the communication skills of a number of healthcare professionals and the authors make a number of recommendations to address the shortcomings that they identified.The authors quantify the essential skills of communication as individual(prenominal) insight, sensitivity, and knowledge of communication strategies. The latter being consi dered vital to maximise the efficiency and effectiveness of ones communication abilities.If we consider the professional standing on issues of communication, we can note that the Royal College of Nursing has earmarked communication skill as a specific competence goal and the Royal College of Physicians have now included a specific element of assessment in communication skills in their Part II social status exam with elements of information gathering and information giving being specifically assessed. (RCP 2002)Dacre summarises the important elements of the healthcare professional / patient interaction thusThe importance of reflection before a consultation in rove to form a clear agenda of the overall aims of the consultation and prepare questions.Checking the patients bod as an appropriate opening gambit. Starting with an open question.Use a mixture of open and closed questions, structuring the questions carefully, and exploring each area in full before moving on. Make sure each question is effective. Take care not to interrogate patients.Avoid the use of overtly medical language and check at each stage that patients have understood what is being said.Ensure that the healthcare professional does not push his or her own agenda.Allow patients time to finish speaking, using verbal and non-verbal cues to makes it clear that the healthcare professional is listening. Respond to the information that the patient has given to show that this has been heard and understood. Use careful interjections to airt the interview if necessary.Avoid premature closure (finishing very quickly). There should be a summaryfor example, recapping decisions which have been made, and agreement of an immediate plan for the next step.(after Dacre J et al. 2004)In order to explore the area of communication more fully, we will consider a number of specific instances as illustrative examples. We shall begin with the take by Coiera (E et al. 1998). The study starts with the commentThe healthc are system seems to suffer enormous inefficiencies because of poor communication pedestal and practices.It then cites the Smith paper (Smith A F et al. 2005) which points out the fact that communication problems were the most common cause of preventable disability or death, and were nearly twice as common as those due to inadequate medical skillThis study took a cohort of 10 healthcare professionals working in a hospital setting and analysed all of their professionally based communications. For efficiency and content. The paper itself was both long and involved and some of the findings are only of peripheral relevance to our considerations here, so we shall confine our discussions to the parts that are relevantThe first major finding was that there was a tremendous range of topics dealt with, ranging from the clinical to the administrative. The authors comment that efficiency of communication is inversely proportional to the diversity of topics. In other words, communication in a d esignated clinic setting, where all of the problems are likely to have a similar thrust, is more likely to be efficient than conversations encountered in a general ward on general topics. The second general finding was that efficiency of communication was significantly impaired by the frequency of interruptions. It follows that protected time in a consultation, complete from interruptions, is more likely to be an efficient communication than one that is frequently interrupted.Interruptions were seen to be associated with a number of well recognised psychological responses including diversion of attention, forgetfulness, and errors. (Blum N J et al. 1992)Paradoxically, the authors found that the most junior staff, (I.e. the to the lowest degree likely to be experienced in communication skills), were the most likely to be interrupted, while the superior staff were the least likely to have their consultations interrupted.We have already considered a number of the factors that can in fluence communication and various communication strategies can be usefully employed to assist in eliciting appropriate information. Active listening is perhaps the most useful basic tool that the nurse can use. When interacting with the patient, the nurse should endeavour to utilise strategies that will facilitate both conversation and elaboration. Mechanisms such as use of broad opening statements, reflecting, open ended statements and directive questions can be strategically employed to elicit appropriate information. (Huizinga G A et al. 2005)Many patients will not be used to expressing themselves clearly and condensedly, and can be helped by techniques such as acknowledging feelings, using silence as a prompt, reflection, and stating personal observations. All of these factors can be enhanced if used alongside strategies that communicate mutual understanding. (Yedidia M J et al. 2003)We have presented evidence that communication is the medium of mutual understanding. We should therefore not leave this area without making comment on some strategies that the professional nurse can employ to maximise the empathetic understanding of those that she is communicating with. These strategies are important not only in the nurse / patient interaction but also in the teaching environment. Ensuring that the message is thoroughly communicated and understood requires techniques such as clarifying, validating, verbalizing implied thoughts and feelings, focusing, using closed questions and summary statements.The converse of this argument is that the nurse should also be aware of issues that are potential barriers to communication. The absence of positive and attentive listening is a powerful disincentive to most forms of communication. The patient who perceives that they are not being listened to is not likely to produce any useful information. Other barrier behaviours include the use of reassuring clichs, giving advice, expressing approval/disapproval, requesting an expl anation (asking why?), defending, belittling feelings, stereotyped comments, changing the subject. (Arora V et al. 2005)We have devoted the majority of this examination to the spoken modes of communication, but we should not overlook that the written word is an equally important means of communicating ones thoughts to others, particularly on an interprofessional basis. In order to maximise the efficiency of communication a written report should ideally be brief, concise, comprehensive, factual, descriptive, objective, both relevant and appropriate and legally prudent. (Young B et al. 2003)In this assessment one should draw attention to the distinction between being both brief and concise. Brief equates with shortness as undue length will allow the readers attention to wander, whereas being concise implies an absence of irrelevant detail thereby allowing an emphasis on what is important.Conclusions.The preparation and literature review has allowed ample time for reflection on the is sues raised. (Taylor, E. 2000). This has proved to be a valuable experience as some issues which I believed that I understood, became clearer and this gave me a much deeper insight into both the mechanisms and the possibilities of accurate and concise communication. Not only have the mechanisms of positive enhancement of communications become apparent but also the active removal of the barriers or impediments to communication clearly play an important role in the ability of the nurse to communication efficiently with both the patient and her healthcare colleagues.References Arora V, J Johnson, D Lovinger, H J Humphrey, and D O Meltzer 2005 Communication failures in patient sign-out and suggestions for improvement a critical incident analysis Qual. Saf. Health Care, regrets 2005 14 401 407.Blum N J, Lieu T A. 1992Interrupted care the effects of paging on paediatric resident activities.Am J Dis Child 1992 146 806-808Bugge E and I. 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