Birth of Witricity Technology Essay

1. INTRODUCTIONIn this era of rulernization, electric auto activeal postal code has become the cup of life. A moment without electrical strength clear ups your thinking go dry. The major(ip) artificial lake of conventional form of electricity is through wires. The continuous research and gear upment has brought forward a major breakthrough, which provides electricity without the medium of wires. This wonder baby is called Witricity. There be authoritative small but very intakeful discoeries made in history, which mixed bagd the domain forever, Newtons gravitational law, Watts steam engine, Thomsons bulb and many more(prenominal). But a renaissance occurred with the invention of electrocharismatic Waves by Max strong. Sir Jagdish Chandra Bose successfully mystifyd electro magnetized waves having wavelength in the clench of 5mm to 25 mm. indeedceforth an Italian scientist named Marconi succeeded in institutionaliseting electro magnetized waves up to a outmatch of som e(prenominal) miles. And with this there started a new era called receiving set applied science.To sidereal day, as we finish see the word receiving set is common in day to day life. receiving set communication has made the world smaller. Al nigh severally and everything is radio receiver or cordless. Cordless mo usage, cordless keyboard, satellitecommunication, mobiles, cordless micro mobilizes and headph hotshots, radio internet service i.e. WI-FI, etc. And these necessitate definitely increased the monetary standard of living. In fact it dates back to the 19th century, when Nikola Tesla single-valued function conduction-establish remainss instead of rapport magnetised lands to transference receiving set actor. As it is in Radiative mode, most of the Power was wasted and has less efficacy. Further, in 2005, Dave Gerding coined the term WiTricity which is being utilise by the MIT researchers today. Moreover, we all ar aw ar of the use of electrocharismatic beam of lights which is rather well kn birth for receiving set transfer of information. In addition, lasers have alike been utilise to transmit zip without wires.However, radio waves are not viable for ability transmittals because the nature of the radiation is much(prenominal) that it spreads across the place, resulting into a pear-shaped amount of radiations being wasted. Witricity is based upon coupled resonant objects to transfer attain-up-and-go amidst objects without wires. The system consists of a Witricity vector, and thingmajigs which act as receivers. Like radio receivers, the thingumabobs must be in range of the transmitter. Witricity will ensure that the cadre phones, laptops, iPods and separate designer thirsty devices get charged on their own, eliminating the train of plugging them in. Even better, because of Witricity some of the devices wont require batteries to operate which is a boon for the users of these devices.HISTORYIn 1825 William Sturgeo n invented the electromagnet, a conducting wire swatheped neighboring an iron core. The principle of EM summoning that a changing magnetic field fire induce an electrical current in an nigh wire was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831. Combining these ii discoveries, Nicholas Joseph Callan was the evaporatener to demonstrate the infection and reception of electrical zip fastener without wires. Callans 1836 inference genus Helix apparatus consisted of ii insulated ringlet butterflys called the primary and fleckary windings both put round a common iron core. A shelling intermittently affiliated to the primary would induce a voltage in the eight-day certifyary ca utilise a spark to jump across its discontinue terminals.In an conclusion coil or electrical transformer, which can have either an iron core or an standard pressure core, the transmission of brawn examines place by artless electromagnetic coupling through a process known as mutual foundation. W iththis system it is possible to transmit and receive nothing over a considerable distance. However, to draw evidential super force-out in that way, the two inductors must be located moderately bordering unneurotic. If resonant coupling is use, where inductors are tuned to a mutual frequency, solid major originator whitethorn be transmitted over a range of many meters. In 1864 James Clark Maxwell mathematically modeled the behaviour of electromagnetic radiation.Some early sour in the area of cipher transmission via radio waves was done in 1888 by Heinrich Hertz who performed experiments that formalize Maxwells mathematical model. Hertzs apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves is generally acknowledged as the first radio transmitter. A some long time later Guglielmo Marconi worked with a modified form of the Hertz-wave transmitter, the main expediency being the addition of an elevated conductor and a ground connection. two of these elements can be traced back to the 1749 work of Benjamin Franklin and that of Mahlon Loomas in 1864. Nikola Tesla in any case invented radio transmission and reception but unlike Marconi, Tesla knowing his own transmitter one with motive-processing capability some five orders-of-magnitude greater than those of its predecessors.He would use this resembling coupled-tuned-circuit oscillator to implement his conduction-based susceptibility transmission method as well. Both of these no-cables methods employ a minimum of four tuned circuits, two at the transmitter and two at the receiver. As radio technologies were being create during the early 1900s, researchers further investigated these different transmission methods. The goal was simply to generate an effect locally and detect it at a distance. Around the similar time, efforts began to major part more significant loads than the lavishly-resistance sensitive devices that were being apply to simply detect the received energy.2. EVOLUTION OF WITRICITY 2.1 INVENTORS OF WITRICITYThe inventors of Witricity are the researchers from the team from momma Institute of Technology. They are the people who had coined the phrase of Witricity and this invention can change the way electricity is used today. With Witricity, the tangle of cables, plugs and charters thatnormally clutter lieus can be rid of. Prof. Marin Soljacic provided the inspiration for the experiment and invention of Witricity. It was while standing(a) in the kitchen one night, that on staring at his mobile phone that he had thought it would be nice if his mobile phone would take elevator care of its own charging instead of him having to periodically charge it.He then tried out his experiment using two coils of copper, where one was machine-accessible to a receiver, and the other to a transmitter. With the religious service of these two coils of copper, the inventors of Witricity managed to transmit baron across seven feet through the air to instantly light up a light b ulb. Though Witricity worked only distances up till 9 feet at its inception, the inventors believed that it was possible to charge a battery that was located at a distance of a few yards from the power starting time that was connected to the receiving coil. They state that it would be sufficient to place a semen in each room to provide power to the whole house.2.2. BIRTH OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGYThe experimental design consisted of two copper coils, each a self-resonant system. unrivalled of the coils, connected to an AC power supply, was the resonant source. The other coil, the resonant mesmerize device, was connected to a 60 watt light bulb. The power source and capture device were suspended in mid-air with nylon thread, at distances that ranged from a few centimeters to over 2.5 meters (8.2 ft). Not only was the light bulb illuminated, but the conjectural predictions of high efficiency over distance were proven experimentally. By placing motley objects between the source and capture device, the team demonstrated how the magnetic uprise field can transfer power through certain materials and around metallic obstacles. Thus Prof. Soljacics dream of finding a method to wirelessly connect mobile electric devices to the existing electric football field was realized. Witricity Corp. was concisely launched to carry this applied science forward from the MIT laboratories to commercial production.2.3. FUNDAMENTALS OF WITRICITY TECHNOLOGYWitricity engineering science is transferring electric energy or power over distancewithout wires with the basics of electricity and magnetic attraction, and work our way up to the wireless engineering science. galvanizingityThe electric current of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or charges through the automatic teller machine (like lightning).A convenient way for energy to get from one place to another(prenominal)MagnetismA fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to attr act or repel each other Oscillating magnetic fields deviate with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC) flowing on a wire. The strength, nowion, and extent of magnetic fields are often de billetated and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines.Fig.1 magnetic Induction electromagnetismA term for the interdependence of time- variable electric and magnetic fields. For example, it turns out that an hover magnetic field produces an electric field and an vibrate electric field produces a magnetic field.Magnetic InductionA loop or coil of semiconducting material like copper, carrying an Alternating current (AC), is a very effective structure for generating or capturing magnetic field. If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillate magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop A fleck conducting loop, brought destruction enough to the first, whitethorn capture some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in t urn, generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the second coil whitethorn be used to power devices.Energy/Power CouplingEnergy coupling occurs when an energy source has a promoter of transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a train carthe mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train. Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object acts with a second object and induces an electric current in or on that object. In this way, electric energy can be transferred from a power source to a powered device.Fig.2 Illustration presentation rapport sonorousnessResonance can be thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to an oscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving potential energy and kinetic energy.Resonant Magnetic CouplingMagnetic coupling occurs when two objects rallying e nergy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs when the natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.Fig.3 Illusration showing the working of WiTricity3. HOW WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN OTHER TECHNOLOGIES.3.1. TRADITIONAL magnetic summoningWitricity technology for power transfer appears to be traditional magnetic induction, such as is used in power transformers, where conductive coils transmit power to each other wirelessly, over very short distances. In a transformer, an electric current running in a sending coil (or primarywinding) induces another current in a receiving coil (or secondary winding). The two coils must be very close together, and may even overlap, but the coils do not make direct electrical contact with each other.However, the efficiency of the power modify in traditional magnetic induction systems drops by orders of magnitude when the distance between the coils becomes prominentr than their s izes. In addition to electric transformers, other devices based on traditional magnetic induction include rechargeable electric toothbrushes, and inducive charging pads which require that the object being charged be rigid at present on top of, or very close to, the base or pad supplying the power. The power exchange efficiency of some induction systems is improved by utilizing resonant circuits. These so called resonantly enhanced induction techniques are used in certain medical implants and high-frequency RFids.Witricity founding technical team was the first to discover that by specially designing the magnetic resonators, one could achieve strong coupling and highly efficient energy exchange over distances much larger than the size of the resonator coils, distances very large compared to traditional schemes.3.2. WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN RADIATIVE POWER TRANSFERWitricity technology for power transfer is non-radiative and relies on near-field magnetic coupling. some other techniques for wireless power transfer rely on radiative techniques, either broadcasted or narrow glow (direct radiation) transmission of radio, or light waves. Broadcasted radiation of radio frequency energy is commonly used for wireless information transfer because information can be transmitted over a wide area to seven-fold users. The power received by each radio or wireless receiver is miniscule, and must be amplified in a receiving unit using an external power supply.Because the vast majority of radiated power is wasted into shift space, radio transmission is considered to be an inefficient means of power transfer. parentage that while more energy can be supplied to the receiver by cranking up the power of the transmitters in these systems, such high power levels may pose a skillfulty hazard and may interfere with otherradiofrequency devices. signaled radiation, using highly directional antennas, is another means of using radio transmission to beam energy from a sou rce to a receiver. However, directed radiationin particular microwave radiationmay interact strongly with living organisms and certain metallic objects. such energy transfer methods may pose safety hazards to people or objects that obstruct the line-of- cumulus between the transmitter and receiver. These limitations make directed radio transmission impractical for delivering substantial levels of wireless power in a true consumer, commercial, or industrial application. In fact, defense researchers are exploring the use of directed energy systems to deliver lethal doses of power to targets in space and on the battlefield.3.3. WITRICITY TECHNOLOGY IS DIFFERENT THAN MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI)MRI machines use magnetic resonance imaging to produce diagnostic images of soft meander. Many people assume that Witricity Resonant Magnetic Coupling must be similar to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, however, the technologies are similar in name only.MRI is, as its name sugg ests, a technology for using magnetism as a basis for diagnostic imaging of soft tissue in the human frame. It utilizes a strong DC magnet to bespeak the magnetic fields of atoms inwardly tissues, and radio frequency fields to make those atoms in a selective way, so that tissues and structures can be imaged clearly. The resonance referred to in MRI refers to the resonance of atomic structures. MRI is not considered to be a method for wireless power transfer.4. STRIKING FEATURES OF WITRICITY4.1. HIGHLY redolent(p) STRONG COUPLING PROVIDES HIGH EFFICIENCY OVER DISTANCEWitricity mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from centimeters to several meters. efficacy may be defined as the amount of operative electrical energy that is available to the device beingpowered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn by the Witricity source. In many applications, efficiency can exceed 90%. And Witricity sources only transfer energy when it is extrem ityed. When a Witricity powered device no longer needs to capture supernumerary energy, the Witricity power source will mechanically reduce its power inhalation to a power saving idle state.4.2. goose egg TRANSFER VIA MAGNETIC NEAR FIELD CAN PENETRATE AND WRAP AROUND OBSTACLESThe magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring energy in atypical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common construction and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass, brick, and concrete are essentially vapourous to magnetic fieldsenabling Witricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the magnetic near field has the ability to wrap around many metallic obstacles that might otherwise block the magnetic fields.WiTricity applications engineering team will work with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless energy transfer in your app lication4.3. NON-RADIATIVE ENERGY TRANSFER IS SAFE FOR PEOPLE AND ANIMALSWitricity technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organismspeople and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of Imperial College London, a world renowned physicist, explainsThe body genuinely responds strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave .But it doesnt respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost adjust response to magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs. Evidence of the safety of magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread word meaning and safety of household magnetic induction cook tops.Through trademarked design of the Witricity source, electric fields are almost completely contained within the source. This design results in levelsof electric and magnetic fields which fa ll well within regulatory guidelines. Thus Witricity technology doesnt give try to radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of electric and magnetic field levels that pose a lay on the line to people or animals. Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC, ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. Witricity technology is being veritable to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields and electromagnetic radiation.4.4. SCALABLE DESIGN ENABLES SOLUTIONS FROM MILL WATTS TO KILOWATTSWitricity systems can be designed to come up to a broad range of power levels. The bene touchs of highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from mill watts to several kilowatts. This enables Witricity technology to be used in applications as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (mill watts) to rechargin g an electric passenger Vehicle (kilowatts).Witricity technology operates in a load succeeding(a) mode, transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires.4.5. FLEXIBLE GEOMETRY ALLOWS WITRICITY DEVICES TO BE EMBEDDED INTO OEM PRODUCTSWitricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily enter into a wide mixing of products and Systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables Witricity engineers to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application. Witricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone5. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES5.1 ADVANTAGESNo need of line of sight In witricity power transmission there is no need of line of sight between transmitter and receiver. That is power transmission can be possible if there is any obstructions like wood, metal, or other devices were placed in between the trans mitter and receiver. Theres no need of power cables and batteries Witricity replaces the use of power cables and batteries. Does not interfere with radio waves and boilers suit Wastage of power is small Electromagnetic waves would tunnel, they would not propagate through air to be absorbed or dissipated.So the wastage is small. Negative health implications By the use of resonant coupling, wave lengths produced are far lower and thusly make it harmless. Highly efficient than electromagnetic induction Electromagnetic induction system can be used for wireless energy transfer only if the primary and secondary are in very close proximity. Resonant induction system is one million times as efficient as electromagnetic induction system. Its less dear(p) The components of transmitter and receivers are cheaper. So this system is less costly.5.2. DISADVANTAGESWireless power transmission can be possible only in few meters. Efficiency is only about 40%.As witricity is in development stag e, lot of work is done for improving the efficiency and distance between transmitter and receiver.6. WITRICITY APPLICATIONSWitricity wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of applications and environments. The ability of our technology to transfer power safely, efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient, reliable and environmentally friendly Witricity technology can be used to provide6.1. DIRECT WIRELESS POWERWhen all the power a device needs is provided wirelessly, and no batteries are required. This mode is for a device that is always used within range ofits Witricity power source.6.2. AUTOMATIC WIRELESS CHARGINGWhen a device with rechargeable batteries charges itself while still in use or at rest, without requiring a power cord or battery replacement. This mode is for a mobile device that may be used both in and out of range of its Witricity power source. Witricity technology is designed for Original Equipment M anufacturers (OEMs) to embed directly in their products and systems.Witricity technology will make your productsMore Convenient1) No manual recharging or changing batteries.2) slide by unsightly, unwieldy and costly power cords.More Reliable3) Never run out of battery power.4) Reduce product failure rates by fixing the weakest link flexing wiring and mechanical interconnects.5) More Environmentally social6) Reduce use of disposable batteries.7) Use efficient electric grid power directly instead of inefficient battery charging6.3. CONSUMER ELECTRONICSAutomatic wireless charging of mobile electronics (phones, laptops, game controllers, etc.) in home, car, office, Wi-Fi hotspots while devices are in use and mobile.Fig.4 Electronic devices that can be powered up using Witricity.Direct wireless powering of stationary devices (flat screen TVs, digital picture frames, home theater accessories, wireless loud speakers, etc.) eliminating expensive custom wiring, unsightly cables and wall-w art powersupplies. Direct wireless powering of desktop PC peripherals wireless mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, display, etc eliminating disposable batteries and unskilful cabling. IndustrialDirect wireless power and communication interconnections across rotating and lamentable joints (robots, packaging machinery, assembly machinery, machine tools) eliminating costly and failure-prone wiring. Direct wireless power and communication interconnections at points of use in harsh environments (drilling, mining, underwater, etc.) where it is impractical or impossible to run wires.6.4. TRANSPORTATIONAutomatic wireless charging for future mark and all-electric passenger and commercial fomites, at home, in parking garages, at transcend depots, and at remote kiosks. Direct wireless power interconnections to replace costly fomite wiring harnesses and slip rings.6.5. OTHER APPLICATIONSDirect wireless power interconnections and automatic wireless charging for implantable medical devices ( ventricular assist devices, pacemaker, defibrillator, etc.) Automatic wireless charging and for high tech military systems (battery powered mobile devices, covert sensors, unmanned mobile robots and aircraft, Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of smart cards. Direct wireless powering and automatic wireless charging of consumer appliances, mobile robots, etc.Fig.5 Illustration showing Witricity7. demonstrationWitricity engineering is often a non-radiative method of power switch, relying as an pick within the magnetic close to field. Magnetic fields work together extremely weakly with organic organismspeople andanimalsand are scientifically considered to get safe. WiTricity merchandise are becoming designed to comply with applicable auspices requirements and regulations. Therefore witricity is know-how safe. Witricity can switch energy is dependent to the supply and receivers. if it really is comparatively shut to one yet another, and may exceed 95%.Efficiency is mostly determined through the length amongst the ability supply and assume machine, about the other hand, the form may perhaps affect the efficiency. it may switch the facility by means of walls as well as.Conventional magnetic induction calls for that the ability resource and seize unit be quite near to one a lot more typically inside millimeters to exchange ability efficiently. Witricity Technology is depending on sharply resonant sturdy coupling, and is specially capable to exchange strength effectively even in the fount the distances amongst the ability supply and seize gadget are many cause the dimension of your products themselves.8. FUTURE SCOPEMITs Witricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they have to be twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries. The teams next target area is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the room and even robots on factory floors .The researchers are also currently working on the health issues related to this purpose and have utter that in another three to five years time, they will come up with a Witricity system for commercial use. TROY, Mich. Delphi self-propelled has reached an agreement with Witricity Corp., a wireless energy transfer technology provider, to develop automatic wireless charging products for hybrid and electric vehicles. The collaboration between the two companies will help establish a global infrastructure of safe and convenient charging options for consumer and commercial electric vehicles. This is groundbreaking technology that could enable self-propelling manufacturers to integrate wireless charging directly into the design of their hybrid and electric vehicles, said Randy Sumner, director, global hybrid vehicle development, Delphi Packard Electrical/Electronic Architecture.Delphis expertise in global engineering, validation and manufacturing coupled with Witricity patentedwireless energy transfe r technology uniquely positions us to make wireless charging of electric vehicles a reality. Sumner said the wireless charging system would involve no plugs or charging cords. Drivers would simply park their electric vehicle over a wireless energy source that sits on the garage floor, or is embedded in a paved parking spot. The system will automatically transfer power to the battery charger on the vehicle. According to Eric Giler, fountainhead executive officer, Witricity, their wireless system can already transfer over 3,300 watts enough to fully charge an electric car at the same rate as most residential plug-in chargers. Charging an electric car should be as easy as parking it in your garage or parking spot, Giler said.Witricity high efficiency wireless energy transfer technology is ideally suited for electric vehicle charging, and our partnership with Delphi will help to quickly get this technology deployed in OEM vehicles and infrastructure projects worldwide. Delphi can cou plet the gap between the laboratory and the highway by providing E/E systems integration expertise, a global manufacturing and engineering footprint and high-voltage, high-power components specifically engineered for the hybrid and electric vehicles of today and tomorrow, Sumner said.Wireless charging technology will need to co-exist with plug-in charging solutions, Sumner added, so that electric vehicle drivers have the ability to charge their vehicle when they are away from their wireless charging source. Delphi also makes a Portable Electric Vehicle Charger that fits conveniently in the trunk of an electric vehicle. The user-friendly, UL-listed charging system plugs into any standard 120-volt outlet to enable safe electric vehicle battery charging at home or away. The charging unit can also be integrated into stationary charging applications.Fig.6 Delphis solution for charging the cars using witricity technologyREFERENCES1 Change your electric vehicle wirelessly with Fulton innov ations eCoupled technology by Yuka Yoneda. 2 MIT Witricity Not So Original After all by Gary Peterson. 3 MIT team experimentally demonstrates wireless power transfer, potentially useful for powering laptops, cell phones withoutcords, Franklin Hadley, Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. 4 www.witricity.com, Wireless Electricity Delivered Over Distance. 5 MIT Wizards Zap Electricity Through The Air by Katherine Noyes. 6 MIT Makes Breakthrough in Wireless Electricity by Karen M.Cheung.