Compare and Contrast Two Works of Art

Anthony Arteaga Art History Ancient World Homework Assignment #1 Compare and contrast the subject, concept, and the Formal Element of the two works of art. Also, explain which category this work falls in. The two pieces I have chosen can be found on page 200, figure 6-51, Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian’s Villa and on page 434, figure 14-8, Battle of the Bird and Serpent. Not only did I choose these pieces for their beauty, but also because both works have similar yet different subjects, concepts, and formal elements. Both of these images have subject matter that is the same even though they’re different.The subjects for the Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian’s Villa are animals; centaurs (male and female), tiger, lion, cheetah; as well as a pelt and rocky scenery. The subjects for Battle of the Bird and the Serpent are animals; peacock, a serpent, and birds in an acorn tree. Both pieces are nature based animals that live in a world w here survival of the fittest is reality. The main difference between piece one and two is that in piece one; centaurs are mythological creatures and in piece two the animals are not fictional.Both pieces have subjects that are the same; however their concepts can be perceived as similar but different. Both pieces have themes that can be perceived as alike. The first image is a male centaur raising a boulder over his head to crush a tiger that has severely wounded a female centaur. The pelt around his arm suggests he returned from a hunting expedition to find his loved one, either lover or sibling, critically wounded by three other beasts and his facial expression is that of concern, instead of rage or fury. The concepts in this battle scene are protection, rescue, vengeance, self-defense, and/or survival.I use the word survival because the three feline beasts are animals that need to eat as well. They need to eat like all animals and if there is no prey, then there is no food to sur vive. The second piece is a peacock holding a dead serpent in its beak. The concepts in this piece are battle, victory, triumph, and dominance, when one creature overcomes another. Our textbook says that this scene is an allegory for Christ (peacock) tricking and overcoming Satan (serpent). The peacock has an expression of being removed to the outcome of the battle. Even though both pieces are about battle and bloodshed; there are differences in the concept.In the first piece the male centaur is the favored winner of the fight, because of his size, blunt weapon, and his element of surprise. But regardless the outcome, he already lost when the female centaur was killed. Whether he kills or is killed by the remaining felines, the female is gone and he can’t bring her back. Unlike the second piece where there is an established winner and loser. Now that I’ve discussed the concepts of these two pieces, I’d like to talk about their formal elements. The formal element s are certain elements that are used to describe the subject or image.The elements are shape, texture, line, color, space, and values. The shapes in piece one can be found in the background as geometric shapes. There is a triangular stone in one corner and a flat rectangular stone in the opposite corner. A cheetah is mounted on a cube, ready to pounce. The boulder the centaur holds over his head is rectangular block. The scenery is mostly rigid shapes but the subjects have curves in their tails and muscle tone. The shapes in the second piece can vary. In the peacocks wing, body, thigh, and tail you can see a closed tear- drop shape.There is a row of white circles on the bird’s neck and two rows of white circles on its wing. The tail has a leaf pattern that matches the leaves on the acorn tree. The serpent has a circular pattern on its belly and a scaly pattern on its backside. There are geometric shapes in both pieces; however, the geometric shapes are primarily secluded to t he background in piece one and is inside the subject’s body in piece two. In piece two, the shape in the peacock’s tail and snake’s body is organic. Also, the shapes in the background are fuzzier and assumed in piece one where the shapes in piece two are sharper and more defined.Another formal element is texture. The first piece, according to the text, is a floor mosaic which is composed of many colored tesserae that were laid down in irregular, curving lines, which effectively imitated painted brushstrokes. The individual tiles are more apparent when viewed closely. This gives the piece a grainy and earthy texture, where it physically looks bumpy. The textbook says it has foreshortening, the illusion created on a flat surface in which figures and objects appear to recede or project sharply into space.The second piece was drawn with tempera on parchment. This makes the piece look smooth, flat, and two dimensional. The next element is color. The hues in both piec es are relatively earth toned. Both pieces have a low level of saturation. In piece one, the sky is mustard brown with a section of mint green that frames the boulder that the male centaur is holding. The rocky scenery has browns and creams with a dull green and brown center. A bright green patch of pine trees is in the corner that contrasts with the sky and rocks.The colors to the second piece are similar in the sense that it has low saturation. The colors are dull and warm. This piece utilizes reds and oranges, in the serpent, that the first piece does not. Because of the tan background, the green in the peacock’s body emboldens the subject. The brown around its tail compliment the blue inside the tail. Lines are another element that’s used. The lines in the first piece, which are made of many tiny lines and squares, are jagged and sharp. The sky and earth are divided by a jagged rocky background and the same can be said about the foreground.This creates a stage for the battle. There are jagged lines in the sky that frames the boulder being held. This piece has no physical lines that separate the body and background, which makes it look three dimensional. In the second piece, the acorn tree is a line (with branches) that adds to the images depth. There are lines inside the wing, beak, and talons. There is also a dividing line in both the serpent and in the body of the peacock. The physical lines in this piece separate the subjects and background making it look two dimensional and flat.Both pieces use lines to accentuate the subjects but the first piece has lines that are realistic and the second piece uses lines as borders for the subjects which makes it look more animated and less real. The next element that artists will use is space. The first piece has a female centaur lying on the ground with a tiger sprawled over her back end. Male centaur is looming over tiger with the dead lion behind him, both their legs overlapping, which also creates a three dimensional effect. A cheetah is on a cube in the background ready to pounce. The jagged foreground creates an illusion of a cliffs edge.In the second piece, the acorn tree is crucial for establishing where the subject lies, giving it it’s depth. The serpent is hanging from the peacock’s beak and coils beneath the bird. If the acorn tree was gone then the snake would appear to be free falling in empty space. Both pieces have uses depth, but the first piece appears to be more three dimensional where the second piece appears flat. The final element artists will use is value. The first piece has a dark to light value in the rocky scenery and in the shading in the animals, which also adds to its three dimensions.The second piece has a dark subject value and light background which contrasts each other. The body of the peacock has a darker green hue but is uniform; there is no change in value in the subject. Both pieces have a dark to light value, but the first piece has variation of shades from one side of the piece to the other and within the subjects themselves. The second piece has dark subjects and a light background. Now that we’ve discussed the formal elements, the last topic is which category these two pieces are classified as.Certain works of art can be classified as representational, abstraction, and non-objective. The first piece is representational with an abstract background. Because of its hues, shapes, and shading; the subjects are portrayed as three dimensional and proportional. Even though a centaur is fictional, it still looks realistic. However, the background’s contours and colors are vague making it more abstract. The second piece is abstraction because of its flat appearance, its bold colors, and the shape of the subject’s eyes, wings, and tail.The patterns in and around the tail and in the body also adds to its abstraction. The tree in the foreground does not look natural and the birds on the branches are unrealistic. I’ve compared and contrasted the subjects, concepts, and the Formal Elements of two works of art. Also, I explained which category this work falls in. The two pieces I chose is Battle of Centaurs and Wild Beasts from Hadrian’s Villa and Battle of the Bird and Serpent. Both of these pieces have subject matter that can be compared similarly even though they’re different.

Youth in Indian Politics

India needs young leaders who personify energy, enthusiasm, morality, and diligence. No doubt we have progressed a lot in the last 65 years but the development pace would have been completely different had some young torchbearers led this process of development. At the time of independence, Gandhi called upon the youth to participate actively in the freedom movement. Young leaders like Nehru came and led the movement. But. nowadays we have only a handful of young leaders. The youth today are not interested in actively participating in the political field. They are content with what they are doing . Young people are not given opportunities to prove themselves because the politicians say that they are not equipped with experience to participate actively in the governance of the country. Old people should realize that proper development can take place only when they make way for younger people to enter in to politics I would like to suggest that there should be a retirement age for politicians. There should also be some educational qualification for politicians. How can we give the key to our country to those illiterates. The youth of our country, can contribute in areas like educating people, raising awareness about various social ills, and many other areas. Young people possess energy, but it should be channelized in the right direction. Misguided youth may do great harm to the society. Moreover, it is on the shoulders of the young that the future of the country rests, because they represent new values, new thinking and the new ways of life. Even our former president and eminent scientist Dr . APJ Abdul Kalam said that the youth should be a part of the politics, this will ensure the states growth and development Society should mould itself according to the thinking of the young because it is difficult for the older generation to have new thinking. The young should always look with hope and confidence to the future of the country. They must have the spirit to work among the masses and also give a sense of direction for the others to follow. In India we want to be free from poverty, disease and all types of divisive forces. Our political freedom must create conditions not only for better life but also for peace. The youth of India should be inspired with these ideas and make them as popular with the people . In fact the older generation becomes hardened in their thinking. So it is difficult for them to adopt a new path. The faith of the young people is never so rigid. They can adopt, modify and change their ideas according to the demands of the circumstances. So youth of India should take this responsibility on their shoulders. Another responsibility which Indian youth will have to take is to revive our culture. If we break with our culture no progress is made in the society. The great ideas enshrined in our culture will help us to set the energies of nation in the proper direction. Various social movements which seem to be the basis of progress need the help of the younger generations. the younger generation has vision of the future and is guided by that vision. So â€Å"a nation is built in its educational institutions† through younger generations. India is wedded to the policy of industrial development, but no industry can make progress till men are properly trained and technologists help in the development of the industries of the country. Only the young generation can give appropriate direction. Therefore ,I conclude that all these steps would lead to nothing if the educated youth doesn’t come forward and fights for a change in the political system. As a famous Hindi poet had once said, â€Å",those who are mute spectators of injustice are also responsible for it â€Å"Just casting our votes is not enough, we must be a part of politics in india†

Management in Organisation Essay

A NEW DIRECTION FOR THE UPSTAGE THEATRE The board of the Upstage Theatre Company had assembled to hear the Artistic Director’s proposals for the following year’s season. Mark Buck, the Artistic Director, had built a reputation on his staging of popular comic seasons, and most members of the board expected a similar proposal this year. Buck entered the boardroom, and after a few general remarks, began to speak about his plans for the season. As he spoke, the board members began to look at each other with astonishment. Buck was proposing a radical departure with a Shakespearean tragedy and working up to a piece by Arthur Miller. At the end of this totally unexpected proposal he looked around at his audience. ‘Any questions’ he asked rather blandly, while privately enjoying the obvious bewilderment on the part of the board. He loved surprising people! Jean Carlisle, the chair of the board, was the only one not surprised by the proposal, as Buck had approached her several weeks ago and dropped some hints about his idea. Buck, she had a shrewd suspicion, was out primarily to promote his own career. Known as a ‘comedy man’ first and foremost, he was in danger of being typecast within the industry. Only by rounding out his production experience could he hope to progress. Carlisle, however, could see a lot of possibilities in the proposal for a ‘serious’ season, even though she knew it would be dismissed as foolhardy by a number of the established board members. Her involvement with the Upstage Theatre was based on a sincere commitment to the cultural development of the community. Lately, she had been coming under some fire from her family and friends for not urging that more ‘culturally significant’ work be performed by the Theatre. When she had first heard of Buck’s proposal, she had decided to support it and had accordingly begun to consider how best to get the board to support it as well. Now she turned to Robert Ramsay, a board member who had been brought in for his connections with the business community. ‘Well, Robert, it’s an interesting proposal we have in front of us,’ she said. ‘What do you think?’ Ramsay, she happened to know, had been considerably embarrassed in front of the board recently, as a result of his inability to raise money for the Theatre. She also knew that much of the resistance to the corporate support of the Theatre had come from the fact that its plays were not considered serious enough. Thus, Ramsay, she reasoned, would support the departure proposed by Buck. This was indeed the case. ‘I think it’s a marvellous idea. And I’m sure it’s the kind of season the financial community would support’ said Ramsay. Several others on the board protested strongly against the proposed season. The most vociferous of these was Olaf Vickers, a local playwright of some repute. Vickers had had several of his comedy works performed by the Upstage Theatre Company over the years. The argument presented by Buck, Carlisle, and Ramsay managed to quiet these objections, however, at least to the point where the board voted to examine the marketing and financial implications of the proposal and meet again in two weeks’ time. When the board met again, a month later, the battle lines were more clearly drawn. Olaf Vickers spoke first. ‘I move that we dismiss the proposal for a â€Å"tragedy’ season,† he said. ‘The Theatre has always had a reputation for comic works, and this reputation should not be thrown away lightly. I feel that our artistic director should go back and rethink his proposals.’ Jean Carlisle, however, was ready with an answer. ‘I know how you feel’, she said. ‘But I think we have to consider some other factors too. For a year now our theatre has been losing money, and how long the various arts councils will go on funding us is an open question. As I told you last year, some of the government people are very concerned that we develop more in the way of box office support and outside funding. Now, as I see it, this proposal may give us a chance to do just that. I’ve asked Mark Buck to do an unofficial survey among the town’s theatre community, and I think you’ll find the results interesting.’ The artistic director now stood up. ‘We’ve been able to put together a random sample of Theatre goers from the subscription lists of other theatres in town,’ he said. ‘I had a couple of people in the administrative office phone these people and do a straw poll survey of their preferences. The results indicate that a majority would patronise a new tragedy season. So I think we can expect some box office support for this proposal.’ He sat down and amid murmurs from the board members Carlisle then asked Ramsay to address the meeting. ‘I’ve canvassed the business community,’ he said. ‘A number of corporations have indicated their interest in supporting a â€Å"serious season† here. I think it’s safe to say that we could count on fairly generous corporate support should we decide to go ahead.’ A heated debate followed these announcements. While many of the previously uncommitted board members now leaned toward acceptance of the proposed season, a significant minority, lead by Olaf Vickers, opposed it. As the by-laws required a two- thirds majority to approve a policy change, the meeting adjourned without any decision being taken. It was decided to meet again the following week to resolve the crisis, if possible. During that week, Jean Carlisle paid a visit to Olaf Vickers. After some polite discussion of theatre matters, she came to the point. ‘You know Olaf,’ she said sadly, ‘it’s rather a pity you don’t support the proposal for a ‘serious’ season.’ ‘Why’s that?’ inquired the playwright suspiciously. ‘Well’, explained Carlisle, ‘it’s just that I was talking to Buck the other day, and he wanted to commission you to write a work to wrap up the season. He says he’s sure a serious piece by you would be just the thing to cap the year.’ ‘I’m glad that at least he remembers part of the Theatre’s original mandate,’ growled Vickers. ‘After all, the Upstage is supposed to be committed to the development of new local authors.’ ‘And it’s a commitment he takes very seriously,’ replied Carlisle. ‘And, so  do I, I can assure you. That’s why if we were to go ahead with the season he suggests, I would move that your new play be commissioned immediately. I hope we can come to some agreement when we next meet,’ she added, as she rose to go. ‘Maybe,’ Vickers replied thoughtfully. At the next meeting, Vickers announced that after some thought, he had changed his Mind, and would now support the new season. Several weeks later, it was announced that as local playwright, he had been asked to write a serious work to be performed as season finale. Questions 1. What do you perceive to be the primary problem in this case? 2. Do you believe that the board has made decisions according to the rational decision making model? Why? 3. Do you think that using a group such as this one was the most effective way to make the decision? 4. What might you have done differently, in order to facilitate more effective decision making

Business Case for Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Case for Investment - Research Paper Example mme contribute in the investment, what things are done in order the projects can fit with future and current capabilities, the funds and resources needed and the delivery of the benefits acquired. Business case development should be in possession of a sponsor of the business and later all the stakeholders should be involved in documenting and creating a business result of an investment that is complete. Curley (2004) asserts that the business case should illustrate how business results are measured and the initiatives needed in achieving a good result. The initiatives are either any changes of the nature of the business enterprise, processes in the business, and skills of the people, technology involved and competencies. The business case identifies how these initiatives contribute in the business. Risks are needed to be spotted and documented. The sponsor of the business is the one who will make a decision on whether to go on with an IT-facilitated investment. He also verifies if the business case is viable to be evaluated on the portfolio stage. Distinguishing between the processes needed to be followed when getting on IT-facilitated investment is important. The investment category, size of the investment and the position of the investment in the financially viable life sequence are factors that establish business case parts that need more attention (Curley, 2004). In an IT-facilitated investment, the business case considers the resources needed to be developed, a technology service to support the investment, business and operational capability and the values of the stakeholder. The business case is usually developed from top to down. In creating a business case, a clear recognition of the outcomes desired in a business should be the one starting. When the investment is endorsed, delivery of the capabilities needed and the outcomes should be monitored and managed in the investment’s life sequence (Ross, 2001). The components in the business case are

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question Assignment - 4

Accounting for Decision Makers -Discussion Question - Assignment Example As an example for the second item, if the highest budget value was $154967 while the required budget for next year is less than that, this is a slack. The third item will create a budgetary slack because more money will be used to correct the situation. If $5400 gave the poor results, more dollars will be needed next year. Including depreciation value in the purchase budget will increase cost slightly: this is a slack too. For example if equipment costs $392 today while its charge is $8, the budgeted cost then becomes $400. Inflation rate and fixed cost to the estimates of purchase will slight relax the budget: for example budgeting with $450 for a facility that costs $400 today. Lastly, new employees require higher cost to make labor efficient. Using this cost for approximation of labor efficiency would create a slack. An example would be budgeting for an average $211 for labor efficiency of new employees while only about $110 dollars would be used for the same. I believe Bailey can justify the built-in budgetary slack to the company. The manager may need to explain would benefit the company like preventing frequent returns to the budgeting table or frequent withdrawal of projects. I would suggest for Bailey to improve the company’s budgeting by use of automated systems such as excel spreadsheets for budgeting and driver-based metrics (Hartgraves & Morse, 2015). In addition, honesty between departments and management should be maintained so that none is taken for a

Tourisme in Dubai Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tourisme in Dubai - Essay Example In fact, the author quotes that, â€Å"Decisions about tourism were made against a background of falling oil production and a keen sense of the urgency of economic diversity (Henderson 91).† The source relates the growth in tourism in Dubai to heavy investment and extensive marketing. Ultimately, the source discusses the factors, which promote tourism in Dubai and the challenges that might hinder future tourism in Dubai. The article is an effective source of information in studying tourism in Dubai. Indeed, the source is authoritative since it resides in an international journal, International Journal of Tourism Research. As such, the information contained therein is internationally accepted and applicable in research. Moreover, the source uses a simple, international language, which is understandable at my basic level of expertise. At the same time, the information contained in the source addresses tourism in Dubai, which is relevant to the research topic and the thesis statement. Actually, the source quotes that, â€Å"As such, Dubai merits examination and this paper explores the pattern of development there and its underlying dynamics within the context of factors that are critical to destination development and barriers obstructing such a process (Henderson 87)†. Furthermore, the source presents historical and factual data in addressing tourism in Dubai. Notably, the source details information up to 2006 (Henderson 89). Although 2006 may not reflect the current tourism situation in Dubai, the information is true and reasonable for this study. Moreover, the author, Joan C. Henderson is a well-known academician. Indeed, the author derives authority as she works for internationally known schools, Nanyang Business School and Nanyang Technological University as an Associate Professor. Moreover, the author has written other academic books. She holds a Master’s degree in Tourism and has done various researches on Tourism. As such, we can rely on her

The effect of minimum wage laws on income inequality Essay

The effect of minimum wage laws on income inequality - Essay Example Income inequality is one of the major problems faced by the society through out the world. It may vary in its extent from one country to another country, but is omnipresent in its existence. Several steps are required to reduce the income differences among different sections of the society. Even though effort have been made at government and non government levels, still lot of inequality in income is clearly visible which is to be managed effectively for better prosperity of mankind (Levy and Murnane, 1992). The effect of uneven distribution of income will certainly influence the income inequalities among different sections of the society. Minimum wages laws will significantly reduce these anomalies and reduce the income inequalities (David M Cutler and Lawrence F Katz,1992). However several researchers found that minimum wage laws may result in higher income inequalities (Cotterman, 1981 and Kaun, 1965). Literature has been collected from different sources relating to the origin of the minimum wages laws and their consequences in different countries. Similarly the information relating to the economic or income inequalities was also reviewed. Consequences of income inequalities and the necessity of minimum wages laws and international scenario of minimum wages were also studied and analyzed thoroughly. The positive and negative effects of minimum wages laws on income inequalities were discussed in detail. Wages are what a worker gets from money or solid appreciation of their work. This differs according to education and constitution the worker belongs to and works in. It is negotiable and thus the worker could offer more for his working time the more the appreciated he is and the effect of such behavior is the giving efficiently into the work done. If improperly done, the law has the right on the side of the customer and employer to cut

Green Criminology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Green Criminology - Essay Example It is a fact that science and technology advances are contributing heavily to the advancements of life on earth. Nobody can overlook the efforts of science and technology in reducing the human efforts needed in many areas of our social life. At the same time, advanced technologies brought many challenges also. For example, nuclear power is believed to be the future energy option because of the rapidly exhausting oil resources and increasing energy needs. But nuclear power generation produces a lot of radioactive wastes and the dumping of these wastes is a major issue we are facing at present. Most of the industrialized or developed countries like America, Britain, France, China etc have toxic wastes generated out of high levels of industrialization and it is a fact that these countries dumping the toxic wastes in poor countries, misleading the administrations of the poor countries. This paper briefly analyses the victimization of the general public in poor countries by the developed countries in dumping toxic wastes. In December 1984, Indian city Bhopal has witnessed one of the worst examples of green criminology. The Union Carbide chemical plant at Bhopal, which used, highly toxic chemicals in its production process faced a catastrophic explosion when water somehow mixed with the chemicals because of the negligence. As per the estimates, more than 6000 people died in the company proximity and more than 60000 people were seriously affected (The Greening of Criminology, n. d, p.315). The toxic gages liberated out of the plant reached the nearby Bhopal railway station and killed many people who were sleeping there. This plant was established in a heavily populated area which itself is a proof of negligence on the part of the authorities and the Union Carbide company.

Common law Degree Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Common law Degree - Essay Example About the mother who suffered distress, anxiety and nervous shock resultant of the straying of the children onto an unfinished landscaping project, the direct link or chain of causation element is likewise in attendance. However, the emotional impact may not be fully appreciated by the court as it could possibly be an unusual and unnatural over-reaction. Again, this can be a mitigating circumstance. d-2. Remoteness of damage. It is an element where the damage or loss must be determined as the proximate result of the negligence or quasi-delict. In the elderly/disabled customer, this cannot be made a consideration as the slippage was in truth and in fact the direct result of the unsafe pathway or of the lack of personnel in the center to have provided assistance along the passage. However, for the mother who was shocked, this may be a consideration, but one of mitigation. Why Because if her having been annoyed or distressed or disturbed is in such a level as will render a judgment from an unbiased mind that it is too much more than an ordinary or usual reaction from a human emotion. It is like saying that it is a remote possibility that the shock which the mother experienced would be in that proportion as to become one of a nervous wreckage. d-3. Foreseeability. ... The centre is liable for the elderly/disabled guest who slipped while passing the unsafe pathway. Although Rareplants exercised the diligence required of a good father of a family, it could have done better like providing escort or ushering assistance to the special customers who are handicapped. In sum, the centre was in a position to foresee that the slipping off track could happen to a visitor who has disabilities or limitations. In the incident of the children having gone astray, Rareplants has to be adjudged answerable because it was in the position to foresee that some classes of visitors like adventurous children would explore the supposedly prohibited area and could have designated guards or watchmen for the purpose of avoiding any unfortunate happening. ABC Accountants Ltd c. Yes. There is a special relationship between you and Lucy. Any advice from a professional, even if not express or formal or written, is binding even if there is a proviso of non-accountability. The characteristic of that relationship which is not express or formal or written may be denominated as special in that it is not in the regular or standard form. As a matter of course, one that is not ordinary is special. In professional ethics, it does not matter whether the relationship is either. In the instant case and according to its underlying circumstances, however, you are not liable. Why Because your advice did not guarantee success in any given situation which was, as a matter of fact, subject to unpredictable variances and that if the client took it as a wagering decision, she did so at her own risk. In contrast, an engineer who advises this and

Supreme Courts Judgment in Grutter v Bollinger Case Research Paper

Supreme Courts Judgment in Grutter v Bollinger Case - Research Paper Example In 2003, the Supreme Court delivered a ruling on the case stating that the University of Michigan Law School narrowly tailored use of race in admission decisions was constitutional (Walker, Spohn, & Delon 208). During this case the Supreme Court cleared the air by concluding that having a student body with diverse culture and origin is a compelling state interest hence justifies the use of racial factor in the admission of students, effectively locking out Grutter from admission (Walker, Spohn, & Delon 210). Consequently, the judgment removed prolonged doubt that has existed within learning institutions, encouraging them to use racial factor in making admissions determinations. I strongly agree with the Supreme Court’s decision in promoting racial interactions as well as considerations of the minorities through affirmative action. Even though many scholars such as Richard Sander have greatly proposed the affirmative action on basis that it hurts instead of helping, the truth is that many stakeholders have significantly benefitted from the same (Walker, Spohn, & Delon 209). Affirmative action is a constitutional concept that needs to be upheld with all dignity and integrity. In this regard, the University of Michigan’s Law School admission policy was able to pass the test of scrutiny since strict scrutiny has been considered for a long time as a relevant review standard especially in scenarios where the Constitution faces racial challenges (Walker, Spohn, & Delon 155). Various virtues of diversity within learning institutions were provided by the Supreme Court while delivering its judgment, which explains reasons for enhancing racial diversity through the development of policies that promote affirmative action (Walker, Spohn, & Delon 208).

Recovery of Financial Markets and Institutions and Challenges in the Essay

Recovery of Financial Markets and Institutions and Challenges in the Post-Crisis Era - Essay Example According to the World Investment Report 2010 presented by United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the world economies have recovered from the global financial crisis (UNCTAD, 2010). The aim of this report is to study the recovery of financial markets and institutions and challenges which these institutions are facing in the post-crisis era. In this research essay, the impact of financial crisis on three major stock markets of the world including FTSE-100, NIKKEE and DOW has been studied. Moreover, the underlying factors contributing to the downturn of the stock markets have also been discussed. The report also highlights the recovery process and the performance of the stocks in the post-crisis era. In this report, the prospects of financial regulatory reforms and financial sector and economic growth have been discussed. Finally, the new trends on the financial landscape and changes in institutions have been discussed.... The index started declining around the mid of 2008 and in the first quarter of 2009 the index reached to its lowest level in the history. Figure II: DOW Index Historical Performance of Five Years The following chart shows the NIKKIE 225 Index performance from 2007 to 2011. The table shows that the stock points declined very sharply at the end of year 2008 when stock markets were facing a huge impact of financial crisis. The index started declining around the mid of 2008 and in the first quarter of 2009 the index reached to its lowest level in the history. Figure III: NIKKIE Index Historical Performance of Five Years Underlying Factors Contributed to the Decline of Stock Markets The global financial markets are strongly integrated markets thanks to the rapid process of globalisation. One of the major factors that lead to the current financial crisis is the real estate bubble. Actually 80 percent of the U.S. market is securitised because excess capital globally has been pushed into the U.S. mortgage market (Stock Market Investors). Before the financial crisis, the world was facing the greatest expansion of leveraged debt and greatest explosion in the prices of the equity markets. All kinds of financial markets such as NASDAQ 100, Platinum futures, oil prices or gold stocks, started demonstrating the power of trend-following crows on the up and down sides of the markets and in this way the four-hundred years of market history destructed and with the unwinding of leveraged debt, the prices and confidence of investors destroyed (Wakefield, 2008). The financial crisis penetrated into the world’s stock markets because stock market is one of the major activities in the corporate world. Dash & Mallick explain that the indices of the stock markets

Consumer marketing Essay Example for Free

Consumer marketing Essay 1: Marketing inputs means the activities of organizations that attempt to communicate the benefits of their product and services to potential consumers. Sociocultural inputs consist of a wide range of non-commercial influences. A TV with a built DVD and A concentrated liquid laundry detergent are influencing by marketing inputs more. Since marketers can influence the consumers perception through illustrated advantages of those product. Fat reduced ice cream and pay television are more influencing by social cultural. Since when consumers by those products, they would like to ask the opinion of their friends. 2: Camera, New mobile phone and Luxury handbag. Let`s consider several of the pre-purchase alternatives open to a digital camera buyer. It will relate to the product factors. Even many people have a camera. But it will frequent changes in product styling and frequent price changes. Some product`s price is high that make some people wants to have it but cannot afford. New mobile phone will relate to the situational factors. Since this mobile phone is new so that many people does not have past experience about them. It also can as a gift for friends and family. Luxury handbag will related to personal factors. Since its expensive, it need to people who have high income can afford it. But most white-collar occupation loves it. 3:Extensive problem solving- consumer has not established any criteria for purchase. They will need to obtain a great deal of information on the brands. Limited problem solving- consumer has already established the basic evaluation criteria. But they have not fully established preferences for a set of brands. Routinized response behavior- consumers experienced with the product category and have a well-established criterion for evaluating brands. But some purchases will be habit-based. Chewing gum, carpeting sugar and mobile phone, should be limited problem solving. Since consumers have already established the basic criteria for evaluating the product category and various brands in the category. Men`s aftershave lotion and New bank account should be routinized response behavior. Consumers must have some experience with those products category but not too much. Luxury car and Paper towels should be extensive problem solving. Because many people are  not familiar with those products, they have not established criteria for evaluating a product category.

Introduction To The Pragmatics Discourse Analysis English Language Essay

Introduction To The Pragmatics Discourse Analysis English Language Essay As cited in Blakemore, Schiffrin pointed that Harris was the first linguist who proposed the term discourse as the following stage of morphemes, clauses and sentences. In other words, it can be inferred that Discourse Analysis deals with kinds of text above sentences. The study of Discourse Analysis has been widely developed lately; Linguists analyze discourse in several different ways using several interesting approaches, such as: Interactional Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Pragmatics, and etc. One of the most challenging approaches to analyze a discourse is in the Pragmatics point of view. Pragmatics, a study of language explaining language use in context, according to Moore (2001), seeks to elaborate aspects of meaning which cannot be explained by semantics. In line with that, in modern linguistics, Crystal (2008) stated that Pragmatics has been studied in applied linguistics from the point of view of the users, especially of the selections they make, the boundaries among the use of language in social interaction, and the consequences of their use of language on the other members of communication. Concerning with speaker meaning and how utterances are interpreted by listeners, Pragmatics draws much attention of many linguists. This new discipline in language science, Pragmatics lies its roots in the work of Herbert Paul Grice on conversational implicature and the cooperative principle (Moore, 2001). Languages have developed continually in the along with the user based on the need of communication. People involved in a conversation want to be able to communicate their messages properly. In the process of communication, people do not create isolated sentences, but try to obey the rules of a general set of norms in which their sentences are organized to make up their entire messages. Grice (1975) defined The Cooperative Principle and the maxims of cooperation as the principles that people abide by for successful communication. Highly interested to cooperative principle, the writer is going to use the theory to analyze a text entitled Dr. Flannel as the case of the final assignment of the discourse analysis class. Furthermore, in this paper, the writer is trying to find out whether or not the principle is used properly in the text. Paul Grice (1989) proposed that speakers and hearers share a cooperative principle in ordinary conversation. Utterances are shaped by the speaker to be understood by hearers. Grice considers cooperation as involving four maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. In the other words, Grices cooperative principle is a set of norms expected in conversation. Followings are four sub-cooperative principles expected in conversation which are proposed by Grice as the maxims of conversations: Quality: speaker tells the truth or something provable by adequate evidence Quantity: speaker tells something as informative as required Relation: speakers response is relevant to topic of discussion Manner: speaker tells something in a direct and straightforward way, avoids ambiguity or obscurity According to Yule (1996), when we communicate each other, we exchange information. Furthermore, when a conversation is taking place, the persons involved are depending on some common guiding principles in order to have a successful communication. In line with that, Levinson (1987) stated that the cooperative principles four basic maxims of conversation denote what the participants have to do in order to converse in rational, efficient, and cooperative way. In the other words, it can be said that to put across a message successfully, those who involved in the communication should share the same common grounds on what is being talked about. Considering the maxims, it is suggested that there is an accepted way of speaking which we all receive as the standard behavior. When we generate, or perceive an utterance, we believe that it will generally be based on fact, have the precise amount of information, be relevant, and imply understandable terms. However, when an utterance does not appear to conform to this model, then we do not consider that it does not have meaning; an appropriate meaning is there to be inferred. Discussion In this part, the writer is going to analyze a text entitled Dr. Flannel based on the theory of cooperative principles proposed by Grice (1989). The text to be analyzed is a kind of daily conversation between three people named Bill, Mavis, and Alex. Analyzing the text, it is found that, instead of following all of the four maxims proposed by Grice (1989), some violations are presented. Obeying the quality maxim, we should tell only when it is true, and we also need to have the adequate evidence about it. To make it clearer, consider this example taken from the text: Dad must have worn them because Im almost sure Mum used to always wash them in the same temperature water like. In the sentence, the speaker is aware of the quality maxim so that he only tells something that is true or that he has the evidence for it (Mum used to always wash themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦). The evidence in this sentence is strong enough for the speaker to make his claim about the topic. Violations toward the maxim of quality are discussed as the first case in this paper. Some parts of the discourse are not fully adhering the maxim of quality. I cant remember whether Dad wore them but I think == he did. In the sentence, the speaker is not sure that his statement is true. Another example of the violation is also taken from the text. I think if you wash them in cold water. If you wash them in warm water youre supposed to rinse them in warm water or something or other sos they. Maxim of quality is flouted in this utterance. In the example, we can observe that the speaker did not have enough evidence to confirm his statement. However, it seems that the speaker was aware about the maxim that he should tell something that is true. Therefore, because of the lack of evidence, the speaker put what it is called hedges in the utterances. As we can observe, the speakers used I think as the signal that he was aware about the maxim. Another interesting violation of quality maxim to observe is in another Bills utterance, Do ya wanta have a look at the hairs on me chest? It is found that this is a totally lie of Bill in fact that he does not have any hair on his chest. However, it is pragmatically explainable that in the purpose of the utterance is to make a joke. On the other hand, we can see that Bill was somehow not adhering the maxim of quantity. The maxim tells us to say something as required, and not more than that. The example can be seen from the first line, the opening speech I had to laugh. I walked into David Jones ´s and theyre always nice people in there, you know. In this example, the speaker actually does not need to add the phrase in italic (people in there, you know). The meaning of the sentence is already clear without the additional phrase. Reading further, the writer also found another sentence flouting the maxim. In one of the dialog, Mavis said And I mean even in those days you didnt have washing machines and everything. Maxim of relation is the third maxim to be flouted in the text. It can be observed that in one part of the text the maxim is violated. Bill said I had to laugh. I walked into David Jones ´s and theyre always nice people in there, you know. The utterance opposed the maxim telling us that what we said should be relevance. As we can observe in the text, Bill said I had to laugh. From the utterance, it is hoped that the speaker will tell a joke or something funny right after that. On the other hand, what is said by the speaker is not funny at all (I walked into David Jones ´s and theyre always nice). The other example of the violation toward relation maxim was presented when Bill told Mavis about his experience, I said ah Good Morning ladies and one of the girls said Thank you. Youre a thorough gentleman. The conversation between him and the counter girls seems irrelevant. Naturally, when someone greets the other using good morning, then the hearer will answer with good morning too. In the text, the hearer answered with thank and appraisal because he called them ladies (a respectful addressing for women). Last but not least, it is also found in the text that maxim of manner was also violated. Instead of being orderly and briefly, it is observable that some utterances are too much prolixity in them. I had to laugh. I walked into David Jones ´s and theyre always nice people in there, you know. And there was two girls behind a counter and I didnt know which where to go, to go to ahh She said. You know the two of them, they said Youve made our day Oh well ah. Oh ah the men. I remember Dad and all the miners wore them. Intake air the air coming trough is colder à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ss From those two examples above, it can be seen that the words in italics are not necessarily in the text. She said DR FLANNEL! She said Whats that? I said Oh yeah. I said Im not gonna == show you where it ends! I said Well, I said Youre not == gonnna feel it, I can Those three examples above violates the maxim of manner, it is wordy with too much prolixity. In order to follow the maxim of manner, the three utterances above can be shortened. For example, the first example may become (She said DR FLANNEL! Whats that?). The second can be (I said Oh yeah. Im not gonna == show you where it ends!). Furthermore, the last example can be shortened (I said Well, I said Youre not == gonna feel it, I can). Conclusion Analyzing the text, it can be inferred that cooperative principles are not always obeyed in the real communication. However, we can observe that although the utterances are not following the maxims, the meaning is still understandable. The violation of a maxim does not mean that the utterance is meaningless. Furthermore, it is also found that some overlapping occur in the maxims violation. An utterance may violate more than a maxim. References Blakemore, D (2002). Relevance and Linguistic Meaning: The semantics and pragmatics of discourse markers. New York: Cambridge University Press. Crystal, D. (2008). A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. 6th Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Grice, H. P. (1975). Logic and conversation. In P. Cole J. Morgan (Ed.), Speech Acts (p. 41-58). New York: Academic Pres. Grice, H. P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. Harvard University Press. Levinson, S. C. (1987). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Moore, A. (2001). Pragmatics and speech acts. http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/pragmatics.htm Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

A Spiderman Movie Review

A Spiderman Movie Review This is an extravagant story of peter parker a character which displays no social skills. A Highschooler.who displayed nerd like qualities. Peter has a knack for adversity, he hasnt got much of a social life. While at a science exhibition, a accident occurs, a stray, altered Spider is unleashed into the lab unnoticed. The same Spider curiously finds its way onto him. Without the slightest clue, the venomous, malicious fangs pierced through his skin. Giving him superhuman abilities and power to any ordinary persons dreams. Its not every day you seemed to get bitten by a genetically-altered spider, gain superhuman strengths and gain the special 5th scent. Throughout this extraordinary experience he will find a thin line between and ordinary HighSchooler and an amazing superhero. He throughout the film has to be the one who crosses the line as he battles the likes of; green goblin. And attempts to win over his Childhood sweetheart, Mary Jane Watson. Peter Parker ( Tobey Maguire), A geeky high school student, living with this Aunt Mary ( Rosemary Harris) and his Uncle Ben ( Cliff Robertson) after the sudden death of his parents from when he was young. His Best friend Harry Osborne (James Franco) the father of Norman Osborne (William Dafoe) a Machiavellian technology tycoon. He went through high school. And certain of a career through science he interestingly had a passion for photography. He developed his hobbies and worked at the local newspapers with J.Johan Jameson (J.K Simmons) offering him a Job within his cooperation. From making this film into reality there comes big expectations and promising possibilities. Where they film scene was going to either make or break the film. What Sami Raimi has cleverly done it not completely remove the comic feel towards the film. They started filming on January 8, 2001, New York. The Big Apple. The wonders of New York just create an unexplainable feeling which embraces over the film creating a humoristic view, a view of a typical comic cal-like city. Big sky scrapers, typical American buses. Fascinating attractions of which makes the viewers prospective of the film even more convincing. They were able to film scene at the most well know areas. The New York public library, Queensboro Bridge, Rockefeller Centre. Its just that little details which enables the viewer to create a imagination for themselves. The majority of the film is inspired by the special effects, visual and audio effects. To achieve such a high standard Sony hired John Dykstra, They would of found it physically impossible to create the stunts without the expertise of His. They tried not to completely rely on computer generated ideas. Throughout the film they use different camera views, different speeds, Within many Sami Raimi film he trends not to rely on computer animation technology so much, to keep the film as realistic as possible with also the comical view towards it they intended the keep the computer animation to a all time low. I regard this film very highly, its a very well written script from Sami Raimi, I rate this film at 8/10. Throughout the film there a consistently high standard of filming, its a extremely entertaining movie with action and humour, but this doesnt compare to similar films to gladiators, It was overall a absolute joy to view.

Sport And Aggressive Behavior Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sports and Aggressive Behavior Sport and aggressive behavior, Do sports create aggressive behavior, or simply attract people who are already aggressive? Aggression and sport have gone together as long as sports have been around, be it the players themselves, to the parents, coaches, or spectators, they just seem to be an inseparable part of each other. The term violence is defined as physical assault based on total disregard for the well being of self and others, or the intent to injure another person (2. Coakley). Intimidation usually does not cause physical harm, but often is designed to produce psychological consequences, enabling one person to physically over power or dominate another. These statements as defined by the author, Jay J. Coakley, is what people today have made a must part on sport. Pleasure and participation sports absolutely cannot be grouped with power and performance sports when in relation to aggression. Pleasure sports are simply played for pleasure. Score is usually not kept. The athletes p articipating are usually on occasion doing it for fun and exercise. A majority of athletes who have been playing sports since they were little, have probably been pounded into their heads that to be successful in sport, you need to be aggressive, and at some times, unnecessary. Also that to get what you want, you have to go at it with all force. Not that this is wrong but, this attitude in today's society has been a major problem factor to the athletes when they get older, to get into trouble with the law. Those long-term effects of so-called discipline, patterns develop these destructive behaviors. (9. Montague) Although some people are still in belief that aggressive behaviors in all forms are grounded into instincts, but they also relate these actions to sports. Their parents played, who were known for their aggressive behavior, so the child feels that they have to live up to that expectation.( 6. Storr) Athletes do have to be aggressive to a point, so that the team can form a st rategy to win. There is also a limit to aggression when it turns into violence. People might say that it's not aggression or violence, its just adrenaline pumping. Adrenaline isn't even similar to violence. Aggression, maybe, but nothing that would be harmful to anyone else. This might be a factor to why contact sports are so popular. For example, football, hockey, rugb... ...o suffer by an outcome that nobody wants to see, doing away with sports in general. Bibliography 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aggression and Violence, social interactionists perspectives. , Richard B. Felson and James T. Tedeschi 1993 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sport in Society, Issues and Controversies 6th edition, Jay J. Coakley 1998 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anger, Madness, and the Daimaonic; the pyschologists genesis of Violence, evil and creativitiy. Stephen A. Diamond 1996 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A History of Aggression Freud, Paul E. Stepansky 1977 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Violent Men; an inquiry into the pychology of violence, Hans Toch 1969 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Human Aggression, Anthony Storr 1968 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Creation of Deviance, Interpersonal and organized determinants, Richard Hawkins, Gary Fredman, 1975 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power and Innocence, Rollo May 1972 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Man and Aggression, Ashley Montague 1968 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Adolescents and their Families, Paths of Ego Development, Stuart T. Hauser, Sally I. Powers, Gil G. Noam 1991

Leadership in Milton’s Paradise Lost, Cavendish’s Blazing World, and Ot

Leadership in Milton’s Paradise Lost, Cavendish’s Blazing World, and Shakespeare’s Othello and Hamlet Critical thinkers are the strongest people in the world—not only are they able to form their own opinions, but these individuals are also versatile enough to listen to their counsel for the best advice. They have learned when to be flexible and when to be stubborn—and they’ve realized who’s a snake in the grass and who deserves paramount respect. To live happily ever after, or even just to survive, a person must learn from the best. Leaders are no exception to the rule. Whether they come from a royal family, are spontaneously appointed, or are the only ones around and therefore lead by default, leaders must detect and discern the truth, using all of the empirical experience and intuitive senses that mankind has had bestowed upon them. In addition to all their duties, a good leader must be a critical thinker. Simply put, a leader’s ability to listen to another opinion speaks volumes about their character. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, Margaret Cavendish’s Blazing World, and William Shakespeare’s tragedies of Othello and Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, there are a tremendous variety of leaders and counselors who all have different circumstances, yet all may be analyzed through twos common themes: The measures of innocence verses experience and passion verses reason in leadership positions. Some of the leaders that will be in focus don’t always play the part. Some aren’t always so innocent. But if we look at how characters with leadership roles treat their counsel—whether those advisors are family, friends, lovers or superiors—we will not simply learn more about the literature we study, but we may apply what we learn to o... ...25. Knight, G. Wilson. â€Å"The Embassy of Death: An Essay on Hamlet.† The Wheel of Fire: Interpretations of Shakespearean Tragedy. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1930. Machiavelli, Niccolo. The Portable Machiavelli. Eds. Peter Bondanella and Mark Musa. New York: The Viking Press, 1979. McAlpine, Alistair. The New Machiavelli: The Art of Politics in Business. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1998. Milton, John. Paradise Lost. 1674. Ed. Scott Elledge. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. The Tragedies of Shakespeare. Players Illustrated Edition. Chicago: Spencer Press, Inc., 1955. Wood, Tanya Caroline. â€Å"The Fall and Rise of Absolutism: Margaret Cavendish’s Manipulation of Masque Conventions in ‘The Claspe: Fantasmes Masque’ and The Blazing World.† In-between: Essays and Studies in Literary Criticism. 2000.

Intelligence, “Nature Versus Nurture” Essay

Intelligence is the ability to learn facts and skills and apply them; it can also be referred to as knowledge. When we look at knowledge we typically look at it from the aspect of nature and nurture, nature being what we come into this world with and nurture is what we acquire after we have entered this world. But the question I am focused on is where do we get our intelligence, are we born with it or are we somewhat gaining it after birth, is a new born child capable of knowing what is happening around him and grow up knowing how to act as an adult from birth or do he have to acquire the ability for adult performance?. So the experiment I am referring to was taught by one Dr. Richard Gerring, where taking a new born child and imagine what it would be like to come into a situation as such a child. One such example of testing intelligence starts with perceptions. It was thought for a long time that children was color blind, because we could not just ask a neonate â€Å"do you see colors?†, so the first experiment to detect whether a child perceive color would be from one researcher by the name of Burstein. Burstein took a set of 3 month old kids and give them solid colored toys and soon the kids got tired of looking at the toys over and over again; now the simple fact about colors is the wave length that they give off, colors such as green or orange gives off a bright wave length that is attractive, but a color like grey and white has dull wave lengths. Or also if you keep looking at the same color whether bright green or red you would soon get tired of the color because your brain has already adapted to it and you become bored. So to test this theory I did my own experiment. Scientific Question: Can children perceive colors and understand change although they are small and have not yet fully acquired learn intelligence of difference? Hypothesis: Children do perceive colors, they also have an intelligence of change in the factors around them just as older children and adults do even though they are of young age. My objective: To see whether children do perceive and understand colors although they may not know the colors by names, do they have the ability to detect the change from such a young age. Type of design of Qualitative Investigation: Investigation-action So with this experiment I am taking Three (5) children ages 3 months to 2 years old and place all of them in the same room for 5 days for 3 hours with the same set of toys: 2 red truck and 4 yellow cars. Based on investigation 5 days/3 hours results, an action would be taken to confirm findings. Methology The study type that we will carry out is descriptive. Universe: A preschool at the Community center, Vanard, Castries. Manipulate: 5 children ages 3 months to 2 years old. Operational variables: Sex and ages of the children, place and time Independent Variables: Colors of toys Techniques used to obtain the data of this study: * Direct Observation There needs to be constant observation of the children while playing with the toys and note the level of interest that is given to each toy over the period of 5 days for 3 hours, and then analyze data at the end of each day whether the interest dwindles or not. Make a note of just how much had the attention dwindled. Analysis of Data: Day 1: All 5 kids are happy with the new toys for the 3 hours Day 2: All kids are happy and move around contentedly with the toys Day 3: The Kids are demonstrating a lack of interest in the toys now and have come to interchange a lot between the 6 pieces. Day 4: The children are no long grabbing for the toys but are beginning to get very frets and occasionally when I give them a toy they may calm a bit but then continue to fret. Obvious signs that they no longer are interested in the toys. Day 5: Today is they last day and I have noticed for the past 2 hours nobody took the toys, at the 3rd hour they were all crying. Gathered Results: At the end of day five, I had a set of crying kids on my hands who were obviously unhappy and who were definitely were no longer interested in the given toys. So can I determine that the Children are just bored by the toys in themselves or the colors? So now what I would do is my action to the investigation to confirm the results from the 5 days. I took the same set of toys, 2 red truck and 4 yellow cars and I repainted them (please note that paint used was indeed child friendly and not harmful in toxins). The toys were repainted and reintroduced again the next day for the same 3 hours. Final Results: Amazing! The Kids grabbed at those toys as if they were new and were all laughs with the very same toys that yesterday received no attention. This proves simply that young children although they are not yet well cognitively develop do see colors. The fact that they saw the same color toys for 5 days for 3 hours and got bored on day 5 but had renewed interest in the same give toy on the 6 day when reintroduced in different colors told me they got a new stimulus to the change. That is a pretty interesting knowledge to confirm. For these children to know the difference in vision and its change and take interest in the toys do tells me they brought some intelligence into this into the world. So here we can see that we are born with the concept of knowing differences, which is great for gaining ability throughout life. Dr. Richard Gerring was saying that another way to tell children have intelligence is by using checkers on a board. You can use a young child under 5 years old and you spread the checker pieces between you and the child evenly, and ask the child who has more checkers, the child would say that you have more if you do or they do they would say. The point to this is that children understand the concept of   â€Å"more or less† although they do not know how to count. If you use two glasses of water then they can say which glass has more water and which do not. The fact that they understand quantity although they cannot express it shows intelligence that can be developed. So as the child gets older you start counting fingers and toes and soon the child can tell you that you have maybe ‘6’ more than they do or ‘6’ less. The fact that they grow to understand numbering tells us that they acquire knowledge and increase their intelligence from the mere concept of visual â€Å"more or less† that they originally had. So when we think of  intelligence and we think of knowledge in the sense of nature vs nurture, we can safely say that some intelligence we are born with and are integrated in our genes and there are some intelligence that are acquired and expanded upon but learning and concurring. Does this mean that our behavior can be manipulated from an early age through education? This question is answered by a simple experiment. The experiment can be done by looking at how kids acquire action to word, if you try to speak to a child age 3 years as you would an adult the child would be confused. So you have to simplify your speech to that child to get him/her to do what you need him/her to do. Like when you are getting a child to eat food, you would put the child in the high chair and by actions show the child you are opening in your mouth while saying â€Å"aaaahh†, your mouth opening and the word â€Å"aaaah† suggest that every time you do the action and bring the spoon up with food you want the child to open their mouth and eat. So you link action and words which manipulates the child actions and often you hear people saying the words like â€Å"yum yum† with a smiling expression while the child’s eating to get them to understand that what they are eating is good. Therefore we get actions to words and perception of the food. So when it comes to knowledge our environmental factors can con-coursing an influence us, bringing us into making decisions and having preferences to things that we were not born with. Reference Life of the Mind: Introduction to Psychology, Richard Gerring.

Succubus Heat CHAPTER 4

â€Å"Can I call you?† The Sorta-Seth-Lookalike lay naked in bed, still worn out even though he'd come hours ago. I stood near the door, fully dressed, slipping on my shoes. It turned out he was actually here on business from Seattle, and he'd been ecstatic to learn we lived in the same city. â€Å"Mmm.† I pursed my lips as though I were giving this a lot of thought. â€Å"I don't think that's such a good idea.† â€Å"Really?† His brief, happy look faded. He'd turned out to be as vulnerable and shy as I thought. I was only the second woman he'd ever slept with. â€Å"But I felt like†¦well, I felt like we really connected.† I fixed him with a cold look. That smothering rage from last night no longer consumed me, but I was still angry at the world and needed to lash out at anyone I could. â€Å"Our bodies connected. That's about it. The truth is, I already have a boyfriend.† His eyes widened. I realized then I should have mentioned having a boyfriend before we had sex. It would have doubled his guilt and given me a stronger fix. Still, the agony he now felt over sleeping with someone else's girlfriend was undoubtedly blackening his soul even as we spoke. â€Å"R-really?† â€Å"Yup. Sorry. This was just a way to pass the time. And honestly, baby? You want some feedback? You've still got a lot to learn. It really wasn't that great.† I left before I could see the full effect of my words. It would hurt, I had no doubt about that. Devastating him didn't really make me feel better, but it had frozen me up enough so that I didn't have to process any real emotions. I was numb, which was about the best I could hope for. Kristin was waiting for me at a coffee shop down the street so that she could drive me over to the cult leader's house. Her mousy brown hair was pulled up into a neat French twist, and her crisp suit reminded me of something Grace or Mei might wear, save that this was navy as opposed to their usual black or-on daring days-red. She drank what looked like a cappuccino and picked over the remains of a bagel, her eyes lost in thought as she no doubt pondered the coming day's wheeling and dealing. I bought a white chocolate mocha and slid into the chair opposite her. â€Å"Good morning,† I said. She looked me over, noting the glamour. â€Å"And a good night?† I shrugged. â€Å"Okay night.† â€Å"You ready to meet the Army of Darkness?† â€Å"Sure. I-wait. What did you say?† â€Å"The Army of Darkness. That's what the cult calls itself.† â€Å"They know that's a movie, right?† She shook her head. â€Å"Honestly, it's hard to say. They may have named themselves after the movie, for all I know.† â€Å"This is so absurd as to be unreal,† I told her. â€Å"It all sounds like a joke.† â€Å"If only,† she muttered. â€Å"Believe me, I'll be glad when you get rid of them. Aside from the fact that Cedric makes me talk to them, I have to file a ream of paperwork each time they do something stupid. It's really stressing him out. I keep trying to get him to do relaxation exercises, but he won't.† Her tone sounded genuinely concerned, almost as though she worked for Cedric out of true loyalty, rather than the forced servitude the rest of us bowed to. â€Å"Well, I'll see what I can do. Don't you guys have a succubus up here? Why isn't she working this group over?† â€Å"She's busy seducing the premier. Cedric didn't want her distracted.† â€Å"Whoa,† I said. It had been centuries since I'd had the initiative to go after a major politician. â€Å"I feel like a slacker.† Kristin cut me a look. â€Å"Mostly I hear that you're a troublemaker.† â€Å"I like to think I'm just misunderstood.† She snorted. â€Å"We're all misunderstood. You have no idea how many times people try to use that as a reason to break their contracts.† Between mourning Seth and being the target of Jerome's annoyance lately, I'd had little time to think about much else. Kristin's words suddenly triggered a memory, one I'd tried to keep buried for some time now. â€Å"How many times do people try to break their contracts over an error?† When Niphon had been here last winter, he'd gone to great pains to complicate my life and get me recalled to Hell. Since he'd been the one to trick me into selling my soul so long ago, I had plenty of reason to hate him. But why he'd hate me and want to ruin me? That had been-and still was-a mystery. Hugh had speculated that when an imp went to that much trouble to mess with their acquisition, there was usually a reason-specifically, a potential problem with the original contract. My casual air didn't fool Kristin. â€Å"You think there might be an error in yours?† I kept my nonchalance. â€Å"Hugh-my imp-thought there could be. But he wouldn't look it up.† His refusal to help me still stung. â€Å"He's smart. Looking into others' contracts can get us in big trouble. The vaults of Hell are not a place you want to get caught snooping around in. It would take a lot to get an imp to risk that.† I had no proof, but something told me that Kristin was older and higher-ranking than Hugh and that she might have more access than he did. I smiled sweetly. â€Å"What would it take for you to risk that?† â€Å"Nothing you can offer.† She flashed me a wry grin and slipped on sleek Oakley sunglasses. â€Å"Come on. Let's get this over with.† We ended up at a house out in suburban Vancouver. It was a lower middle-class area, not particularly polished but not the kind of place you had to worry about getting mugged either. Kristin parked on the street and led me up the house's driveway, her heels clicking on the concrete. Along the sides of the yard, someone had recently planted marigolds and geraniums. She rang the doorbell, and a moment later, a man in his mid-twenties answered the door. He had messy black hair, like maybe he'd just woken up, and possessed the friendly, low-key feel of someone who worked at Home Depot or Circuit City. â€Å"Hey, Kristin,† he said, voice cheerful and blas? ¦. â€Å"Come on in.† She stepped just inside the doorway, and I followed, offering the guy a friendly smile of my own. â€Å"I can't stay,† she told him crisply. â€Å"I'm just dropping her off. Evan, this is†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Kristin glanced at me, apparently waiting to see if I wanted to use my own name. I usually used different identities and shapes when seducing victims, but it didn't seem worth it for this. â€Å"Georgina,† I supplied. â€Å"Georgina,† said Kristin. â€Å"This is Evan.† He and I shook hands. â€Å"Georgina's one of the founders of a sister chapter in Seattle. She's here to see how things are done and possibly form some connections between the groups.† She tipped her head down, looking at him over the tops of her sunglasses. â€Å"I want you to show her every courtesy and involve her in your activities. It's very important.† He nodded, still looking mild and pleasant-but a little nervous at the strictness in her voice. â€Å"Absolutely.† Cedric had said Evan knew Kristin was a power player on Team Evil, and he clearly seemed to respect her. She supposedly didn't have the people skills to â€Å"deal with† this group, but from the way Evan regarded her, it didn't seem like it'd take much to get his attention. To me, Kristin said, â€Å"Call a cab when you're done. We'll expense it.† With that, she headed back out to her car, leaving me with the alleged general of the Army of Darkness. â€Å"You want anything to drink?† he asked, stifling a yawn. â€Å"I've got some RC in the fridge.† â€Å"No, thanks. I'm just anxious to learn how you do things up here.† He grinned. â€Å"Sure. I should probably show you the temple first.† I glanced around, taking in the flowered sofa and grandfather clock. â€Å"Temple?† â€Å"Yeah, it's in the basement. You sure you don't want something to drink?† There was nothing I wanted to drink that was under 80 proof, so I declined once again. He led me down some rickety steps, pulling a chain at the bottom that turned on a bare lightbulb. We stood in an unfinished basement with rough cement floors and brick walls. Fold-up chairs were arranged in a semicircle around a low bookcase about as high as my waist. On top of the case was a propped up painting with an angel's black silhouette set against a gray and purple nebula. It looked like it had come straight off a sci-fi novel's cover. Half-burned red and black candles were scattered around the painting, along with an inverted cross. Off to the side of the room, more candles sat on top of a washer and dryer. Evan walked over to a light switch and turned it on. White Christmas lights twinkled to life on the brick walls. â€Å"Wow,† I said. My astonishment was not faked. â€Å"We aren't finished setting up here,† he said modestly. â€Å"We have to change our location a lot to avoid discovery. You know how it is. So, there's still some stuff we need to unpack.† He pointed over to a cardboard box in the corner. I couldn't see all of its contents, but I did make out a black feather boa and a glow-in-the-dark plastic skull. On the side of the box, black marker succinctly declared: TEMPLE STUFF . I counted the chairs. Fifteen. â€Å"How many members do you have?† I asked. â€Å"About a dozen. A little less than that that are truly active.† He sat down in one of the chairs and gestured for me to do the same. â€Å"And how long have you been meeting?† â€Å"Oh, about a year now.† I smiled, turning on the charm in an effort to not sound like an investigative reporter. â€Å"I've heard about some of the things you've done. Pretty impressive. Like the Bibles and the, um, spray paint.† He beamed at the praise. â€Å"You heard about that? Cool. We do as the Angel of Darkness directs us.† â€Å"What other things have you been directed to do?† â€Å"Well, there was the one time this Methodist church was having an ice cream social. We broke in beforehand and left all their ice cream outside the freezer to melt.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† â€Å"Then, this other time, we went to the petting zoo and hung pentagram collars on all the goats. We also painted their horns red and black. Let me tell you, that wasn't easy. They don't like to stand still.† â€Å"Uh-huh.† â€Å"Oh, and then we made all the TVs show Rosemary's Baby .† â€Å"Uh-TVs?† â€Å"Yeah, I work at Circuit City, and we have these big walls of TVs, so I synced them all up. My boss never suspected who did it.† On and on the litany went. About ten minutes later, I interrupted, unable to listen to any more. â€Å"Look, Evan, this is really amazing stuff you've been doing. I mean, this is stuff my people in Seattle would never, ever dream of doing in a million years.† â€Å"Really?† he asked happily. â€Å"Really,† I said flatly. â€Å"But, although it makes a big statement, wouldn't it be more in line with the, uh, Angel's purposes to work on securing souls for him?† â€Å"Her,† corrected Evan. â€Å"Her. Right.† Lucifer, Satan, the Devil, whatever. There were lots of names for what humans regarded as the supreme entity of evil, and I'd heard tons over the years. Considering the popular idea of Lucifer being a fallen angel, this â€Å"Angel of Darkness† thing didn't surprise me, but the female part did. â€Å"Sorry,† I told him. â€Å"We know the Angel as male.† â€Å"It's okay,† he replied. â€Å"The Angel is all things to all people.† â€Å"Right. So, anyway, I mean, the ultimate goal is to convert as many people to her as possible, right? To lead them down the left-hand path. It doesn't seem like melting ice cream would do that-not that that isn't cool,† I added hastily. â€Å"I'm just wondering if you should be more focused on leading people into temptation instead.† Evan didn't seem bothered by my criticism in the least. â€Å"Maybe that's what your group is directed to do. But this is what ours is supposed to do. We all serve different purposes in the greater plan.† I was sure I had an idiotic look on my face, so I tried to shift back to the alluring, seductive mode that had landed me this job in the first place. Surely it couldn't be that difficult to sway him, particularly considering how fresh my succubus glamour was. Reaching out, I took his hand and delicately stroked it with my fingers. â€Å"You're doing amazing things,† I reiterated, moving closer. â€Å"Really amazing. But maybe it's time to move on to the next level, to truly bring darkness to the world.† His eyes studied my hand for a moment, then looked back up. His breath caught as the full effect of my glow enchanted him. He swallowed nervously. â€Å"Perhaps. But not now. This is our purpose for the time being.† â€Å"Only because you haven't tried something else. Maybe that's why I'm here, why the Angel sent me: to expand your influence.† I leaned my face close to his, lips only inches away from the side of his face. â€Å"I can teach you things. All sorts of things.† Zealous or no, I was definitely affecting him. He took another deep breath, trying to steady himself. â€Å"We're already doing what the Angel wants.† I ran my lips across his check, letting my tongue flick out. â€Å"Are you sure? Let me show you how we honor the Angel†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shot up abruptly and put his back to me. After several deep breaths-honestly, he was in danger of hyperventilating-he turned around to look at me. Warring desires danced in his eyes. He still had that crazy yes-man zealot look, but he also looked like he was already envisioning me naked. It was intriguing that his devotion to a largely fictitious entity could stand up to my charms, but religious fanatics had a history of being tenacious. â€Å"You're very†¦sweet,† he said at last. â€Å"Very. But I can't-we can't. I mean, this is what we do. What the Army does. We can't change that, not without talking to the others.† Progress. I kept the smile turned on, wondering if I should keep pushing on him now or try to enthrall the whole group. I opted for the latter, largely because I could think of few things more unarousing than having sex on the black Ozzy Osbourne plush rug on the floor. Especially if Evan decided to turn on any black lights. â€Å"Of course,† I purred. â€Å"When can I meet them?† He raked a hand through his hair, still a little hot and bothered. â€Å"Well†¦you should come to our next meeting. It's Saturday at ten a.m. Over at the big Tim Hortons on Broadway.† â€Å"Okay, I'll be-† I blinked, my sultry fa;ade faltering. â€Å"Did you say Tim Hortons?† He recovered himself and returned to his upbeat nature. â€Å"Oh, yeah. You guys don't have them, do you? They're these donut shops and-â€Å" â€Å"No, I know what they are. I'm just surprised, that's all.† Aside from seeming like a mundane place for a Satanists' meeting, Canadians going to Tim Hortons was like the biggest stereotype ever. â€Å"Are you kidding? Their coffee's the best.† I left after that, my head reeling. These weren't Satanists. These were frat boys doing hazing pranks. They probably smashed beer cans on their foreheads at their dark ceremonies. Kristin wasn't at her desk when I returned to Cedric's office across town. Presumably she was off doing imp things. Or maybe she was at lunch. His door was closed, making me think he must be busy, but honestly, I didn't have time to pay much attention to that. Something else immediately caught my attention. There was a demoness in his waiting room. A full-fledged archdemoness, actually. I recognized her, even though we'd never formally met. Nanette, Portland's archdemoness. â€Å"Hi,† I said, too stunned for much more than that. I might backtalk Jerome, but other demons were an entirely different matter. She glanced up from her magazine like she'd just noticed me, though I knew she'd sensed me long before this. â€Å"Hello. Georgina, right?† I nodded, wondering if I should shake her hand or something. She didn't seem like she was keen to get up, so I simply sat in another chair. Why was Portland's archdemoness waiting to see Cedric? And why was she waiting, period? That wasn't in demonic nature at all. They were too impatient. Nanette wore a short, peach-colored shift dress that showed off long, shapely legs. Her blond hair fell just over her shoulders, smooth and sleek from a flat iron-or, well, from demonic magic. She was beautiful, but it was edged in the cold fierceness demons so often had, like the way a cobra or a katana is beautiful. I wasn't afraid to talk to people. Striking up conversation was part of what I did. But I wasn't entirely sure what to say to her. Demons were prickly about how they interacted with lesser immortals. Some were quite snobby about it. I didn't know too much about Nanette or how she might react. I knew she was less powerful than Jerome and that the two didn't have much contact. I'd never heard of her being particularly bitchy or trigger-happy, so I took that as a good sign. My concerns about what to say were put to rest when she spoke first. â€Å"Boy,† she said. â€Å"I wouldn't want to be you for the world.† â€Å"I-I beg your pardon?† â€Å"This.† She gestured toward Cedric's closed door with a French manicured hand. â€Å"All of this. I presume you've been out to see his little Army of the Night?† â€Å"Darkness,† I corrected. â€Å"Army of Darkness.† â€Å"Whatever. Those nuisances. Jerome sent you here to ‘help' because Cedric wanted an infiltrator?† â€Å"Something like that.† I wondered how this news had spread so fast. Nanette shook her head in mock sympathy. â€Å"You're going to be the one to take the fall if something goes wrong. If things go bad between Jerome and Cedric or if that cult won't play ball†¦well, like I said, I wouldn't want to be you. You're being played from every angle and don't even realize it.† â€Å"What's there to play? I just got here. And I don't see how things can go wrong,† I said slowly. â€Å"I mean, this group just does stupid stunts.† I recalled how even a little seduction had affected Evan. If I'd started stripping on the Ozzy rug, I was certain he wouldn't have been able to hold back. â€Å"They're no real threat to Cedric, and I don't think they're going to be that hard to rein in. And as for him and Jerome†¦I mean, they patched up their differences already, right?† â€Å"Come now. You're what, a millennium old? Millennium and a half? So young.† She smiled. â€Å"Georgina, demons never settle their differences. Even you should know that. Do you really think things are stable around here? With the way Cedric's let this cult run wild? And after the way Jerome's barely been able to keep control in Seattle?† I thought about Jerome booting me to Canada in less than twenty-four hours. â€Å"Jerome seems like he's got control to me.† She uncrossed her legs and leaned forward, blue eyes gleaming. â€Å"Jerome has had three nephilim in his territory in the last six months. Three. Do you know how unheard of that is? I'm guessing you'd never even run into a nephilim your entire life before this. Not in all those years.† â€Å"No,† I admitted. Nephilim were the children of humans and angels-well, angels who had fallen and were now demons, seeing as having kids was a breach of Heaven's employment agreement. Considered abominations by both good and evil alike, nephilim were the scourge of the immortal world. They had a lot of power and were pissed off at the way greater immortals treated them. They were unruly, destructive, and given to killing sprees. Jerome had actually fathered two nephilim, twins who were among the three Nanette was referring to. One of them, Roman, had been my boyfriend for a bit while he secretly wiped out immortals on the side. I'd been instrumental in his undoing-something I was certain he was still pissed off about, particularly since it had resulted in the death of his sister. We hadn't seen Roman since then. Shortly thereafter, a nephilim named Vincent had come to Seattle, following an angel he loved. Vincent was actually a very sweet nephilim, though I wasn't sure how kind he was feeling these days since Heaven had kicked out his girlfriend when she killed another angel to save him. Vincent too had disappeared. â€Å"Three nephilim,† repeated Nanette. â€Å"And two got away. Sloppy, very sloppy.† â€Å"It wasn't Jerome's fault,† I said loyally, a bit unsure how you'd even assign blame in that situation. It had never occurred to me that our unexpected visitors could be seen as a sign of Jerome's weakness or his inadequacy as archdemon. â€Å"The angels could have done something. It's their territory too.† â€Å"Not in the eyes of our superiors,† she said slyly. I frowned, losing a bit of my timidity. â€Å"With all due respect, what are you doing here?† Her smile grew. â€Å"What do you think? I have two demons in my backyard who are in an arms race. Both are getting attention from demons outside the Northwest.† I didn't like the sound of that and recalled Cedric affirming as much. â€Å"You think I want to be involved in that? You think I want to be played the way everyone's playing you? My territory's small, and I'm weaker than both Jerome and Cedric. I don't want them to decide to annex Portland while they play their cosmic game of Risk. I want them to leave me alone.† Her voice was hard, but I heard a bit of worry in there too, and I realized what was going on. â€Å"You're here to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I considered â€Å"suck up† or â€Å"beg† but thought better of it. â€Å"†¦negotiate with Cedric. For protection. To keep you out of it.† Nanette looked away, unwilling to acknowledge this in front of a succubus. Just then, the door opened and Cedric stepped out. He glanced around. â€Å"Kristin's still gone? I wish she'd hurry up and bring back those donuts.† â€Å"Tim Hortons?† I guessed. He gave me an incredulous look. â€Å"Of course.† He turned to Nanette. She'd stood up, and he kissed her hand in a polite, antiquated way. â€Å"Sorry. Phone call with Tech Support. You know how that is.† To me he said, â€Å"We'll talk later.† I took it as a bad sign that he said â€Å"later† and not â€Å"soon.† Settling into my chair, I braced myself for patience. Ten magazines later, Cedric opened the door again. Nanette was nowhere in sight, so I presumed she must have teleported back to Portland. I took my same chair in Cedric's office, noting that his screen showed Match. com rather than Wikipedia today. When he saw what I was looking at, he hastily minimized his Web browser. â€Å"So, what have you found out?† I gave him a report of my morning with Evan. â€Å"They're ridiculous,† I declared as my final assessment. â€Å"I already knew that,† he said. â€Å"You think you can put an end to this? Soon?† The impatient sound in his voice made me wonder if he'd expected me to cinch things up already. I thought about it. â€Å"Yeah, pretty sure I can as soon as I meet the others. This guy looked like he might crack on his own. But I won't see them until Saturday.† Cedric tipped back in his chair, face thoughtful. â€Å"All right. They probably won't do anything before then anyway. Go to their meeting and work over the rest of them. In the meantime, you might as well head back home.† I straightened up in my chair. â€Å"Really?† He shrugged. â€Å"No point in you sticking around unless you want to sightsee. Just come back Saturday.† â€Å"But†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hesitated. â€Å"Jerome sent me here because he was mad and didn't want to deal with me. If I go back and he doesn't want me there†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Cedric snapped his chair forward and sat up. â€Å"He can take it up with me. I'll tell him I didn't want you here either.† There was something mischievous in his eyes, like he almost hoped Jerome might pick a fight. Uneasily, I remembered Nanette's words. You're being played from every angle and don't even realize it. â€Å"Okay,† I said finally. â€Å"Thanks.† Cedric glanced toward the door, his expression lightening. â€Å"Ah, Kristin's back.† A few moments later, I sensed the imp's signature as well. I stood up, and he gestured me to the door with a smile. â€Å"Have a good drive. And grab a donut on your way out.†

Developing educational leadership in study circle Essay

As previously mentioned, Study Circle leaders are highly look upon as respectable individuals in the program. Even though the leader is just a representative or could be consider as equal among others, it could not be deny that their role is crucial in the success of the Study Circle. According to Blid (2000), there are two main functions that can be used to identify a leader. One is the ability to secure that studies progress smoothly and two, the ability promote a positive social climate during meetings. The first characteristic of the leader implies that he is willing to set aside his personal time to ensure that the program would run smoothly and effectively. However, the Study Circle was created to work collectively and each member is expected to be responsible for their own progress so it doesn’t mean that the Study Circle leader should do everything. He is just their in order to guide the participants in accordance with the program. Most of his organizational functions could be consider as presidential or secretarial work (Bjerkaker, 2003). The second functions or commonly known as the social and emotional role of the leader is consider as an important tool in developing a positive atmosphere of cooperation and respect wherein everyone would feel at ease while learning (Blid, 1990)). A Study Circle leader may be the key to an inspiring first meeting or a failure leader would cause the Study Circle to lose some of its members or participants. In order to carry out those two functions, Kindstorm (2002) cited some tasks that would help them perform their task. They are the following: 1) Helping the participants in strengthening their self-confidence; 2) Developing team spirit so that participants would feel welcome and secure; 3) Putting the participants own development in focus and ask the right questions; 4) On the process of knowledge, applying common views from time to time will help the participants to apply what they have learn in different situations of their everyday life; 5) Preventing competition by promoting cooperation among the participants; 6) Encouraging the participants to discuss solutions and ask questions among other through dialogues; 7) Making different options very clear; The leader will always play a crucial role in the interplay of the group. He/she, for an instance, need to face problems that could inhibit the members from participating in activities or learning from the program. The course subject that the Study Circle will tackle will be in accordance to the leader’s general knowledge. On the other hand, Study Circle leaders are considered as unpaid work since it is look upon as part of their engagement in a voluntary organization (Persson, 2006). However there are some who get paid but most of them are either retired or were specifically hired for the job due to certain circumstances. Most Study Circle leaders do have ordinary employment and their only few who are consider as full time Study Circle leaders and most of them are teachers. Methodology Introduction A multiplicity of concepts and ideas may bring confusion in terms of meanings. Clarity of key concepts, ideas and how could they be applied after the study would be an important parts in determining whether they are qualitative or quantitative. The purpose is to generate information about the application of the research design and its method to the current study. Research Design By focusing on textual data and spoken word rather than relying in numerical data and statistical method, qualitative research is meant to describe human experiences in various subjects and topics. The multiple perspectives of each participant are the direct source of data for this research design. By analyzing frequent phrases, patterns or statements from the participants, the researchers are in the process of developing a theory or foundation needed for the study. Furthermore, this procedure may often produce additional information that could start further research. In order to carry out their goal, the researchers should observe and jot down notes during the process of the research (Patton, 2002). According to Patton (2002), qualitative design is very tedious and time consuming. Researchers are force to adapt to the participants conditions and situations in order to extract the information they needed without jeopardizing the content and value of the data. However, analysis of data could pose as a major threat to the success of the study. After being influence by the participant’s environment, interpretation of this data could be subject to biases and personal opinions of researchers (Myers, 2002). However, the risk of taking this design lies in its descriptive reports and explorations of human views that could offer the future readers of the study a better understanding of the problem. Research Method While the Study Circle shall be used as a method, the characteristics of Focus Group Discussion to capture multiple perspectives of different participants at the same time will be useful in this study. Similar to the Study Circle, by assembling group of people to discuss certain topic, focus group discussion could generate social interactions between these people that are not acquainted with each other (Heiskanen, 2008). By generating interactions among them and seeing it evolve, various ideas and concepts are generated at the same time. Ideas and concepts are being generated through a communal process wherein participants could share and elaborate their viewpoints about the subject and concern topics. Furthermore, researchers could understand how participants handle, react and approach the issue being presented to them by observing, recording and analyzing the interaction and discussion of the group (Heiskanen, 2008). Multiple ideas and concept necessary to form the foundation of the school-community framework could be supplied by focus group discussion while minimizing time and cost for the research. Furthermore, the concept of Study Circles and focus group discussion are parallel with each other, thus preventing overlaps of information.