Pakistan India And The Kargil War Politics Essay

Pakistan India And The Kargil state of war governing EssayThis paper go out show a shot summary of the Kargil war and an psychometric test of the through with(predicate) the lenses of the parliamentary rest theory and patriotism. The paper will also focus origin altogethery on how the theories apply to Pakistan since it was the true aggressor in this dispute. Both of these ideas bear for an examination of what causal factors led to the warfargon, how the war was persuadeed, and how it came to a swift end. They will also ease us better or beneathstand the conflict, and appropriate conclusions to be drawn from the conflict with regard to U.S. interests, conflict pr n 1thelesstion, and conflict resolution. oscilloscopePakistan has unsuccessfully ch in allenged India come acrossled manipulate aparts of Kashmir through wars and negotiations since its establishment in 1947. In May 1998, Pakistan conducted its archetypal nuclear test and introduced a new and dangerous dy namic to the trouble of Indias contested sovereignty in Kashmir. With Indian and Pakistani soldiers guarding their respective borders and Pakistans long proxy war over against India through tin for Muslim militants, tensions in Kashmir wee-wee been kept at a eternal boil.1Kashmir, a region diswholee in the midst of Pakistan, India and China, resides in an extremely mountainous bea that contains some of the highest peaks in the world. In this region, the Line of Control (LOC) is the recognized border surrounded by India and Pakistan. The LOC, albeit under a different name, was established afterwards the First Kargil warfare (1947-1948) and was again agreed upon by Pakistan and India as part of the Simla Agreement in 1972. This sympathy gave the LOC its name and also stated that neither the Indians nor the Pakistanis would contest the border through military means.2Since the agreement, the border has been heavily guarded on deuce sides for a majority of the year. During t he exceedingly cold winter months, when roads and supply routes father impassable and risk of an offensive attack from either side was minimal, some(prenominal) the Pakistani and Indian guards abandoned their posts and returned in the spring.However, during the winter of 1998-1999, Pakistans army, along with the process of mercenaries and mujahedeen, crossed the LOC and pushed into Indias portion of Kashmir.3Slowly, through the cold winter, they took over the Indian outposts and take away into their positions in Kargil and along a cardinal hundred kilometer portion of the LOC and waited for Indian pull backs to return.4In February 1999, at the same time as the winter invasion, Pakistan and India were signing the Lahore Declaration which out bendd peace, nuclear stability, trade, and unimpeded travel between the two countries.5 war erupted just a few months afterward and after numerous bloody battles, the Pakistanis and their mujahedeen assistance were pushed back across the li ne of control. By July 14, 1999, the war was over but both(prenominal) sides had suffered significant casualties. egalitarian PeaceOur goal is to turn this time of American influence into generations of classless peace. This requires America to remain engaged with the world and to project our strength with habit and with humility.President George W. Bush, Speech to the State Department, Washington, DC February 15, 2001The democratic peace bid contends that because they be democratic, democratic states will non fight (or initiate) international wars against individually different.6The idea was a premise in Immanuel Kants 1795 literary work, Perpetual Peace, and still give wayed by Georg William Friedrich Hegel and some others. For the some part, take holders of democratic peace cite that in democracies, the race rule through their elected officials and in an autocracy, most of the run resides with one person. In turn, democracies argon more liable(predicate) to se t up peace because those that would be doing the fighting typically choose non to fight. Given the choice, citizens atomic number 18 more likely to have a desire to avoid the frightening loss of brio, resources and accumulation of debt. Furthermore, elected officials ar unwilling to wage war because a loss would significantly impact chances at reelection.7On the other hand, autocracies may suffer from these losses and debt, but according the Samuel Kant, war does non affect the rulers table, his hunt, his places of pleasure, his court festivals, and so on.8This idea has its doubters that base their cases on proper(postnominal) historical examples and the lack of statistical significance when historical conflicts ar analyse quantitatively. Doubters also argue that supporters adjust definitions in order to adapt and assume when either a historical or new case risks not fitting into the peace proposition. For instance, what is a land? What is a war or a conflict? And so on. Many researchers agree with the idea that democracies are less likely to go to war with each other, but are as equally war prone as autocratic states. season this basic premise is the subject of some debate, the real benefits of this theory are encapsulated in how democracies behave, statistically, when they do enter into conflict.The Kargil War is an excellent case to interpret through the lens of the democratic peace proposition because this war provides historians and organisational scientists a chance to look at the rare case of struggle democracies and see if the singularity theoretical premises hold true. One characteristic demonstrated by examining disputes between 1816 and 1976 was when democracies are involved in conflict, thither is less chance of all out war than when two non-democracies are in conflict.9Another interesting and related finding from the same set of data was foreign cooperation revealed a positive associated to constraint.10While the Kargil War wa s not part of this survey, it does fit these two conclusions. During the war, there was fear from neighboring countries and all over the world that it would escalate into all out war and sign nuclear war. Obviously, it did not. While a number of reasons prevented the escalation, two significant ones were the cabal of constraint on the part of the Indians and foreign relations. During the fighting, then President level Clinton asked the Indian PM to keep exercising the restraint the Indian regimen had shown this far.11The Indian PM replied that India had no intention of escalating the war and assured President Clinton that the air strikes were taking place within the Indian territory.12Pakistan, on the other hand, who had hoped to internationalize the Kashmir have it away in its favor by sending emissaries or pleading for support from China, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States, but found it had very few international supporters.13Quite the contrary, legion(pred icate) countries voiced support for India rather of remaining neutral. China, a long time friend of Pakistan, expressed its hopes that the two countries would peacefully settle down their issues.14Russia also sided with India and denounced the actions of Pakistan.15Foreign cooperation, ultimately, led to Pakistans withdrawal from Indian territory after discussions with President Clinton on July 4, 1999.16A finding by Bueno de Mesquita and Lalman summarizes the two ideas mentioned to a higher place and the outcome of the Kargil War very well they found that negotiations, or conservation of the consideration quo are more likely if either the initiator or the target is democratic it is not necessary that they both be democratic.17This status quo is exactly the outcome of the Kargil War. Even today, the Indian and Pakistani military are at their posts guarding the LOC, the exact same positions as before the Kargil War. nationalism nationalism is power hunger tempered by self-decept ion.George Orwell, The Collected Essays, Journalism, and Letters of George OrwellNationalism is a difficult term to grasp and an even harder term to define. When people discuss nationalism, they may be referring to flying the flag of their country or patriotism. Many definitions focus nationalism on politics, culture, religion or geography. other definitions use it as a modern idea or moderate it for use with advanced societies and not the third world, or vice versa. much accepted views contend that Nationalism is primarily a governmental principle, which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent.18Furthermore, nationalism is created by a well-knit sense of shared national identity and is sine qua non for a possible modern state, that it alone can provide the solid basis of self-assertion between the citizens to motivate each other to sacrifice herself/himself for others.19Further examination shows there are a large(p) deal of connections and interdepend encies between nationalisms, nations, and states. They are all connected by cultural and political aspects which are hooked on their own building blocks of language, history, and hundreds of other social factors.20Finally, nationalism is the conspiracy of all of these things in the pursuit of legitimacy.21As any country has acquire through great success, tragedy, or war, nationalism is a living and take a breath entity that can be harnessed, strengthened, abused, or broken. This can happen in a number of different ways. With respect to the countrymen in Pakistan, the nationalism has been almost continually abused since the country was established in 1947. Examples of this abuse include the sectionalisation of British India where Muslims flocked to East or West Pakistan and tremendous loss of life resulted in clashes between Hindus and Muslims, the loss of Eastern Pakistan (now Bangladesh), and numerous wars lost to India. tho the Pakistanis are a proud people and have had their share of successes, most notably the successful test of a nuclear weapon in 1998. This Muslim bomb was a source of pride and nationalism for all Muslims and certainly the Pakistanis.The successful tests of Pakistans nuclear weapons in 1998 and the associated boost in flag-waving(a) pride essentially paved the way for the invasion of Kashmir. Kashmir, while on Indias side of the LOC had a predominantly Muslim population. This arrangement has been deemed unacceptable by Pakistan and Muslims in Kashmir ever since the division of British India. Pakistan had fought wars over the contested knock down (e.g., 1947 and 1967) and had lost to superior Indian military strength. Nationalism played a large parting in these offense actions. Indias rule over Kashmir was in direct violation of an important nationalist sentiment if the rulers of the political unit belong to a nation other than that of the majority of the ruled, this, for nationalists, constitutes a sooner outstandingly intolerab le breach of political propriety.22Pakistans attempt to gain control of Kashmir was thwarted by a number of factors. As with the previous two attempts, it was thwarted by a superior Indian military even though it took the Indians by complete surprise. Additionally, its attempt to gain outside support for its nationalistic struggle was unsuccessful. As written above, many countries failed to see that Pakistan was nerve-racking to gain control of land occupied by Kashmiri Muslims and instead saw Pakistan (again) attacking their sovereign neighbor.As the United States stepped in, an outside force was introduced that served to influence the political nationalism of Pakistan. In our world(prenominal)ized world, this attack on India risked international trade and foreign direct investment along with government to government support.23Pakistans leadership knew they were losing the war and as international sentiment shifted to Indias favor, the Pakistani government may have realized that these global implications will have a trickledown effect to other aspects of nationalism, most notably through economic losses to an already impoverished country.24The loss of the war in addition to the communicate image of untrustworthyness to the world would have further deepened the wounds to Pakistans nationalism.25Alas, Pakistan chose to only impact its nationalism through the loss of the war instead of compounding the losses with other factors.U.S. interests, Conflict Prevention and Conflict ResolutionThese theories as applied to the Kargil War demonstrate a number of different findings with respect to U.S. interests, conflict saloon and conflict resolution. An examination of the democratic peace theory shows that when a democracy is involved in war, the wars are typically shorter and are more likely to end through mediation. Kargil is an excellent example where diplomacy played two critical roles. First, it helped end the aggressive attacks by Pakistan and second, it helped ensure India would not conduct a counterattack into Pakistan. This process worked because many aspects of the Kashmir issue are political problems and must be resolved politically. Unfortunately, Kashmir has a long history with many different versions depending on which side of the border you are on.26This leads to dangerous propaganda that influences and drives nationalism. This nationalistic spirit has led Pakistan to cling to the Kashmir issue. Kashmir is central to Pakistans Islamic national hotshot and almost all Islamabad regimes, both democratic and authoritarian since Pakistans beingness in 1947, have used the Kashmir issue to consolidate their position.27While this may be true, Kashmir has not been represented at Indo-Pak negotiations because the Indians have resisted such trilateral meetings. It would appear that popular voice of Kashmir has been silenced by both India (who does not want to hear what they have to say) and Pakistan (who wants to decide for them). In an y case, both the democratic peace theory and nationalism ideas show that all parties must be present for a formal conclusion to a conflict and a true representation of the enemy must be do to the people.When considering what conclusions can be drawn from the Kargil War, there are commonalities that exist between U.S. interests and future conflict prevention. It is well documented that Pakistan has maintained constant support of insurgents who regularly attack Indian positions and played a large role in the Kargil War.28Of course these insurgents are now known as terrorists and are fast becoming a source of regional instability and global terrorism.29The result of the financial support are anti-terror laws in both Pakistan and India which are far more draconian than the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PATRIOT) Act in the United States.30These laws thereby impact the nationalism and freedoms of the peo ple in both countries. Prior to future diplomatic talks between the two countries, a third party (hopefully representing of every country in the world) must dispose Pakistan to stop supporting terrorists and put an end to the proxy-war in India. Strong actions against terrorists could be used as requisites for aid which could serve the country Pakistan a great deal. Aid could support the education and human resource development and provide financial resources for health care, the supply of clean water, and the development of social and visible infrastructure.31These steps, over the long term, could help to stabilize Pakistan and the region and perhaps one day remove the stigma that has plagued Pakistan for years.ConclusionTheories of conflict can help one examine a conflict through different lenses and develop an understanding of causal factors associated with why conflicts start, escalate, deescalate and respond to stimuli like foreign encumbrance and support. The Kargil War, as seen through the lenses of democratic peace and nationalism, is a very coordination compound war with a tremendous amount of history driving actions by both countries. Pakistans actions during the Kargil War were truly a cause for fury and it is no surprise that India has resisted any further negotiation with Pakistan regarding the Kashmir issue. To be stabbed is one thing, to be stabbed in the back is another.32It would seem that democratic peace, in this case, means the constant boil or status quo will continue for years to come.33Bibliography fetch editions and RANDAhmad, Khurshid. Pakistan Vision and Reality, Past and Future. The Muslim World 96, no. 2 (April 2006). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed January 16, 2010).Bahl, Y. Kargil trespass Pakistans Plight, Indias Victory. New Delhi, India Manas Publications, 2000.Chenoy, Kamal. Contending Nationalisms. Harvard International Review 28, no. 3 (Fall 2006). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.d b.erau.edu (accessed January 16, 2010).Das, Runa. Explaining Indias Nuclearization Engaging realism and Social Constructivism. Asian Perspective 32, no. 1 (2008). http//www.asianperspective.org/articles/v32n1-b.pdf (accessed January 16, 2010).Dixit, J. N. India Pakistan in War and Peace. New York Routledge, 2002. http//books.google.com/books?id=XnzRttnqExUCdq=India+%E2%80%93+Pakistan+in+War+and+Peacesource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed declination 6, 2009).Fisher, Glen. Mindsets, second ed. Boston, MA Intercultural Press, 1998.Gellner, Ernest. Nations and Nationalism, 2nd ed. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, 2006. http//books.google.com/books?id=jl7t2yMfxwICsource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 20, 2010).India. Simla Agreement. July 7, 1972. Embassy of India Website, Embassy of India, Washington, DC. http//www.indianembassy.org/policy/Kashmir/shimla.htm (accessed December 9, 2009).Indurthy, Rathnam. India and the Clinton-Bush Administrations Why brush to Friendship in the Aftermath of Indias Nuclear Testing is Not belike to Lead to Strategic Partnership. World Affairs165,no.1(Summer 2002). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/(accessed December 10, 2009).Lyon, Peter. Conflict Between India and Pakistan An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, CA ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2008.Misra, Amalendu. The Centrality of Kashmir in India Pakistan Security Dynamics. International Politics 38, no. 8 (March 2001). http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu (accessed December 6, 2009).Nanda, Ravi. Kargil A Wake-Up Call. New Delhi, India Lancers Books, 1999.Pakistan and India. The Lahore Declaration. February 21, 1999. United States land for Peace, Peace Agreements Digital Collection. http//www.usip.org/files/file/resources/collections/peace_agreements/ip_lahore19990221.pdf (accessed December 7, 2009).Puri, Jyoti. Encountering Nationalism. Malden, MA Blackwell Publishing, 2004. http//books.google.com/books?id=lrfxy98haU4Csource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 15, 2010) .Raghavan, V. R. Limited War and Nuclear Escalation in South Asia. The Nonproliferation Review 8, no. 3 (Fall-Winter 2001). http//cns.miis.edu/npr/pdfs/83ragh.pdf (accessed December 5, 2009).Ray, James. Democracy and International Conflict. Columbia, SC University of South Carolina Press, 1995.Sharma, Rajeev. Pak Proxy War A Story of ISI, bin Laden and Kargil. New Delhi, India Kaveri Books, 2002.Spencer, Philip and Howard Wollman. Nations and Nationalism A Reader. New Brunswick, NJ Rutgers University Press, 2005. http//books.google.com/books?id=SOnTDm0ocvMCsource=gbs_navlinks_s (accessed January 15, 2010).Ashley J. Tellis, Christine Fair and Jamison Jo Medby, Limited Conflicts Under the Nuclear comprehensive (Arlington, VA Rand Corporation, 2001). NO NEED?

Medical Data Analytics Using R

Medical entropy Analytics victimisation R1.) R for recentness = months since last bribe, 2.) F for relative frequency = derive human activity of donation, 3.) M for M wiztary = make sense amount of blood donated in c.c., 4.) T for Time = months since premiere donation and 5.) Binary variable = 1 - donated blood, 0- didnt donate blood.The main idea behind this dataset is the concept of relationship counseling CRM. Based on three rhythmic pattern recentness, oftenness and Monetary (RFM) which be 3 out of the 5 evaluates of the dataset, we would be able to predict whether a guest is presumable to donate blood again based to a selling campaign. For example, customers who decl atomic number 18 donated or visited to a greater extent(prenominal) currently (recentness), more often quantifys ( frequence) or made superiorer monetary hold dears (Monetary) ar more likely to respond to a marketing effort. Customers with little(prenominal) RFM brand are less likely to a ct. It is too known in customer behavior, that the time of the first positive interaction (donation, purchase) is non significant. However, the recency of the last donation is very important.In the traditional RFM implementation for each one customer is bedded based on his RFM value parameters against every(prenominal) the other customers and that develops a produce for every customer. Customers with bigger get ahead are more likely to react in a positive way for example (visit again or donate). The model constructs the formula which could predict the following problem.Keep in deposit only customers that are more likely to continue donating in the succeeding(a) and remove those who are less likely to donate, given a reliable layover of time. The previous statement also determines the problem which depart be rail ined and interrogationed in this project.Firstly, I created a .csv consign and generated 748 ridiculous random numbers in Excel in the domain 1,748 in the f irst tower, which corresponds to the customers or users ID. thence I transferred the all told data from the .txt saddle away (transfusion.data) to the .csv charge up in excel by using the delimited (,) option. then I randomly split it in a produce file cabinet and a screen file. The make file contains the 530 instances and the run file has the 218 instances. Afterwards, I read both the ingesting dataset and the examine dataset.From the previous results, we can bring out that we have no missing or invalid values. Data ranges and units be reasonable.Figure 1 above depicts boxplots of all the attributes and for both demand and establish datasets. By examining the figure, we notice that both datasets have similar dispersals and there are some outliers (Monetary 2,500) that are visible. The volume of blood variable has a high correlation with oftenness. Because the volume of blood that is donated each time is fixed, the Monetary value is proportional to the absolute f requency (number of donations) each person gave. For example, if the amount of blood move in each person was 250 ml/bag (Taiwan Blood run Foundation 2007) action then Monetary = 250* frequence. This is also why in the predictive model we depart not consider the Monetary attribute in the implementation. So, it is reasonable to expect that customers with higher frequency give have a lot higher Monetary value. This can be affirm also visually by examining the Monetary outliers for the train set. We retrieve post 83 instances.In come in, to understand better the statistical dispersion of the whole dataset (748 instances) we will look at the standard deviation (SD) between the Recency and the variable whether customer has donated blood (Binary variable) and the SD between the frequence and the Binary variable.The distribution of scores around the correspond is small, which means the data is concentrated. This can also be notice from the plots.From this correlation matrix, we c an verify what was stated above, that the frequency and the monetary values are proportional inputs, which can be noticed from their high correlation.Another observation is that the various Recency numbers are not factors of 3. This goes to opposition with what the description said about the data beingness collected every 3 months. Additionally, there is always a uttermost number of times you can donate blood per certain(p) period (e.g. 1 time per month), but the data shows that.36 customers donated blood more than once and 6 customers had donated 3 or more times in the same month.The features that will be used to calculate the prediction of whether a customer is likely to donate again are 2, the Recency and the Frequency (RF). The Monetary feature will be dropped. The number of categories for R and F attributes will be 3. The highest RF score will be 33 equivalent to 6 when added together and the lowest will be 11 equivalent to 2 when added together. The threshold for the added s core to determine whether a customer is more likely to donate blood again or not, will be set to 4 which is the median value. The users will be appoint to categories by sorting on RF attributes as well as their scores. The file with the donators will be pick out on Recency first (in ascending order) because we want to see which customers have donated blood more recently. Then it will be sorted on frequency (in descending order this time because we want to see which customers have donated more times) in each Recency fellowship. Apart from sorting, we will need to nurse some logical argument rules that have occurred after multiple sievesFor Recency (Business rule 1) If the Recency in months is less than 15 months, then these customers will be assigned to socio-economic class 3.If the Recency in months is equal or greater than 15 months and less than 26 months, then these customers will be assigned to category 2.Otherwise, if the Recency in months is equal or greater than 26 mo nths, then these customers will be assigned to category 1And for Frequency (Business rule 2)If the Frequency is equal or greater than 25 times, then these customers will be assigned to category 3.If the Frequency is less than 25 times or greater than 15 months, then these customers will be assigned to category 2.If the Frequency is equal or less than 15 times, then these customers will be assigned to category 1RESULTSThe output of the program are two smaller files that have resulted from the train file and the other one from the test file, that have excluded several customers that should not be considered future day targets and unploughed those that are likely to respond. Some statistics about the precision, recall and the balanced F-score of the train and test file have been calculated and printed. Furthermore, we compute the absolute inequality between the results retrieved from the train and test file to get the offset demerit between these statistics. By doing this and veri fying that the error numbers are negligible, we formalise the consistency of the model implemented. Moreover, we depict two confusion matrices one for the test and one for the training by calculating the truthful positives, delusive negatives, phony positives and true(a) negatives. In our case, true positives correspond to the customers (who donated on March 2007) and were separate as future possible donators. False negatives correspond to the customers (who donated on March 2007) but were not classified as future possible targets for marketing campaigns. False positives correlate to customers (who did not donate on March 2007) and were ill-consideredly classified as possible future targets. Lastly, true negatives which are customers (who did not donate on March 2007) and were correctly classified as not plausible future donators and therefore removed from the data file. By sorting we mean the application of the threshold (4) to separate those customers who are more likely an d less likely to donate again in a certain future period.Lastly, we calculate 2 more single value metrics for both train and test files the Kappa Statistic (general statistic used for classification systems) and Matthews correlation coefficient Coefficient or cost/reward measure. Both are normalized statistics for classification systems, its values neer exceed 1, so the same statistic can be used notwithstanding as the number of observations grows. The error for both measures are MCC error 0.002577 and Kappa error 0.002808, which is very small (negligible), similarly with all the previous measures.REFERENCESUCI Machine larn Repository (2008) UCI machine learning repository Blood transfusion service of process center data set. Available at http//archive.ics.uci.edu/ml/datasets/Blood+ transfusion+Service+Center (Accessed 30 January 2017).Fundation, T.B.S. (2015) Operation department. Available at http//www.blood.org.tw/ mesh/english/docDetail.aspx?uid=7741pid=7681docid=37144 (Acce ssed 31 January 2017).The Appendix with the canon starts below. However the whole code has been uploaded on my Git Hub profile and this is the link where it can be accessed.https//github.com/it21208/RassignmentDataAnalysis/ blot/master/RassignmentDataAnalysis.Rlibrary(ggplot2)library(car) read training and interrogation datasetstraindata read.csv(C/Users/Alexandros/Dropbox/MSc/second Semester/Data analysis/ subsidization/transfusion.csv)testdata read.csv(C/Users/Alexandros/Dropbox/MSc/2nd Semester/Data analysis/Assignment/test.csv) assigning the datasets to dataframesdftrain data.frame(traindata)dftest data.frame(testdata)sapply(dftrain, typeof) give better names to columnsnames(dftrain)1 IDnames(dftrain)2 recencynames(dftrain)3frequencynames(dftrain)4ccnames(dftrain)5timenames(dftrain)6donatednames(dftest)1IDnames(dftest)2recencynames(dftest)3frequencynames(dftest)4ccnames(dftest)5timenames(dftest)6donated drop time column from both filesdftrain$time NULLdftest$time NULL sort (train) dataframe on Recency in ascending ordersorted_dftrain dftrain order( dftrain,2 ), add column in (train) dataframe - hold score ( lay) of Recency for each customersorted_dftrain , R send 0 permute train file from dataframe format to matrixmatrix_train as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain, as.numeric)) sort (test) dataframe on Recency in ascending ordersorted_dftest dftest order( dftest,2 ), add column in (test) dataframe -hold score (rank) of Recency for each customersorted_dftest , Rrank 0 transform train file from dataframe format to matrixmatrix_test as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest, as.numeric)) categorise matrix_train and add scores for Recency apply blood line rulefor(i in 1nrow(matrix_train)) if (matrix_train i,2 matrix_train i,6 3 else if ((matrix_train i,2 = 15)) matrix_train i,6 2 else matrix_train i,6 1 categorize matrix_test and add scores for Recency apply business rulefor(i in 1nrow(matrix_test)) if (matrix_test i,2 matrix_test i,6 3 else i f ((matrix_test i,2 = 15)) matrix_test i,6 2 else matrix_test i,6 1 convert matrix_train hazard to dataframesorted_dftrain data.frame(matrix_train) sort dataframe 1rst by Recency Rank (desc.) then by Frequency (desc.)sorted_dftrain_2 sorted_dftrainorder(-sorted_dftrain,6, -sorted_dftrain,3 ), add column in train dataframe- hold Frequency score (rank) for each customersorted_dftrain_2 , Frank 0 convert dataframe to matrixmatrix_train as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain_2, as.numeric)) convert matrix_test back to dataframesorted_dftest data.frame(matrix_test) sort dataframe 1rst by Recency Rank (desc.) then by Frequency (desc.)sorted_dftest2 sorted_dftest order( -sorted_dftest,6, -sorted_dftest,3 ), add column in test dataframe- hold Frequency score (rank) for each customersorted_dftest2 , Frank 0 convert dataframe to matrixmatrix_test as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest2, as.numeric))categorize matrix_train, add scores for Frequencyfor(i in 1nrow(matrix_train)) if (matrix_trai ni,3 = 25) matrix_traini,7 3 else if ((matrix_traini,3 15) (matrix_traini,3 matrix_traini,7 2 else matrix_traini,7 1 categorize matrix_test, add scores for Frequencyfor(i in 1nrow(matrix_test)) if (matrix_testi,3 = 25) matrix_testi,7 3 else if ((matrix_testi,3 15) (matrix_testi,3 matrix_testi,7 2 else matrix_testi,7 1 convert matrix test back to dataframesorted_dftrain data.frame(matrix_train) sort (train) dataframe 1rst on Recency rank (desc.) 2nd Frequency rank (desc.)sorted_dftrain_2 sorted_dftrain order( -sorted_dftrain,6, -sorted_dftrain,7 ), add another column for the Sum of Recency rank and Frequency ranksorted_dftrain_2 , SumRankRAndF 0 convert dataframe to matrixmatrix_train as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain_2, as.numeric)) convert matrix test back to dataframesorted_dftest data.frame(matrix_test) sort (train) dataframe 1rst on Recency rank (desc.) 2nd Frequency rank (desc.)sorted_dftest2 sorted_dftest order( -sorted_dftest,6, -sorted_dftest,7 ) , add another column for the Sum of Recency rank and Frequency ranksorted_dftest2 , SumRankRAndF 0 convert dataframe to matrixmatrix_test as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftest2, as.numeric)) sum Recency rank and Frequency rank for train filefor(i in 1nrow(matrix_train)) matrix_traini,8 matrix_traini,6 + matrix_traini,7 sum Recency rank and Frequency rank for test filefor(i in 1nrow(matrix_test)) matrix_testi,8 matrix_testi,6 + matrix_testi,7 convert matrix_train back to dataframesorted_dftrain data.frame(matrix_train) sort train dataframe fit in to total rank in descending ordersorted_dftrain_2 sorted_dftrain order( -sorted_dftrain,8 ), convert sorted train dataframematrix_train as.matrix(sapply(sorted_dftrain_2, as.numeric)) convert matrix_test back to dataframesorted_dftest data.frame(matrix_test) sort test dataframe according to total rank in descending ordersorted_dftest2 sorted_dftest order( -sorted_dftest,8 ), convert sorted test dataframe to matrixmatrix_test as.matr ix(sapply(sorted_dftest2, as.numeric)) apply business rule check count customers whose score = 4 and that spend a penny Donated, train file check count for all customers that have donated in the train datasetcount_train_predicted_donations 0counter_train 0number_donation_instances_whole_train 0 off_positives_train_counter 0for(i in 1nrow(matrix_train)) if ((matrix_traini,8 = 4) (matrix_traini,5 == 1)) count_train_predicted_donations = count_train_predicted_donations + 1 if ((matrix_traini,8 = 4) (matrix_traini,5 == 0)) false_positives_train_counter = false_positives_train_counter + 1 if (matrix_traini,8 = 4) counter_train counter_train + 1 if (matrix_traini,5 == 1) number_donation_instances_whole_train number_donation_instances_whole_train + 1 apply business rule check count customers whose score = 4 and that Have Donated, test file check count for all customers that have donated in the test datasetcount_test_predicted_donations 0counter_test 0number_donation_i nstances_whole_test 0false_positives_test_counter 0for(i in 1nrow(matrix_test)) if ((matrix_testi,8 = 4) (matrix_testi,5 == 1)) count_test_predicted_donations = count_test_predicted_donations + 1 if ((matrix_testi,8 = 4) (matrix_testi,5 == 0)) false_positives_test_counter = false_positives_test_counter + 1 if (matrix_testi,8 = 4) counter_test counter_test + 1 if (matrix_testi,5 == 1) number_donation_instances_whole_test number_donation_instances_whole_test + 1 convert matrix_train to dataframedftrain data.frame(matrix_train) remove the meeting of customers who are less likely to donate again in the future from train filedftrain_final dftrainc(1counter_train),18 convert matrix_train to dataframedftest data.frame(matrix_test) remove the group of customers who are less likely to donate again in the future from test filedftest_final dftestc(1counter_test),18 save final train dataframe as a CSV in the contract directory reduced target future customerswrite.csv(dftrain _final, file = CUsersAlexandrosDropboxMSc2nd SemesterData analysisAssignmenttrain_output.csv, row.names = FALSE)save final test dataframe as a CSV in the specified directory reduced target future customerswrite.csv(dftest_final, file = CUsersAlexandrosDropboxMSc2nd SemesterData analysisAssignmenttest_output.csv, row.names = FALSE)train precision=number of relevant instances retrieved / number of retrieved instances collect.530precision_train count_train_predicted_donations / counter_train train recall = number of relevant instances retrieved / number of relevant instances in collect.530recall_train count_train_predicted_donations / number_donation_instances_whole_train measure combines PrecisionRecall is harmonic mean of PrecisionRecall balanced F-score for train filef_balanced_score_train 2*(precision_train*recall_train)/(precision_train+recall_train) test precisionprecision_test count_test_predicted_donations / counter_test test recallrecall_test count_test_predicted_donati ons / number_donation_instances_whole_test the balanced F-score for test filef_balanced_score_test 2*(precision_test*recall_test)/(precision_test+recall_test) error in precisionerror_precision abs(precision_train-precision_test) error in recallerror_recall abs(recall_train-recall_test) error in f-balanced scoreserror_f_balanced_scores abs(f_balanced_score_train-f_balanced_score_test) Print Statistics for verification and validationcat(Precision with training dataset , precision_train)cat(Recall with training dataset , recall_train)cat(Precision with testing dataset , precision_test)cat(Recall with testing dataset , recall_test)cat(The F-balanced scores with training dataset , f_balanced_score_train)cat(The F-balanced scores with testing dataset , f_balanced_score_test)cat(Error in precision , error_precision)cat(Error in recall , error_recall)cat(Error in F-balanced scores , error_f_balanced_scores) confusion matrix (true positives, false positives, false negatives, true negativ es) calculate true positives for train which is the variable count_train_predicted_donations calculate false positives for train which is the variable false_positives_train_counter calculate false negatives for trainfalse_negatives_for_train number_donation_instances_whole_train count_train_predicted_donations calculate true negatives for traintrue_negatives_for_train (nrow(matrix_train) number_donation_instances_whole_train) false_positives_train_countercollect_trainc(false_positives_train_counter, true_negatives_for_train, count_train_predicted_donations, false_negatives_for_train) calculate true positives for test which is the variable count_test_predicted_donations calculate false positives for test which is the variable false_positives_test_counter calculate false negatives for testfalse_negatives_for_test number_donation_instances_whole_test count_test_predicted_donations calculate true negatives for testtrue_negatives_for_test(nrow(matrix_test)-number_donation_instance s_whole_test)- false_positives_test_countercollect_test c(false_positives_test_counter, true_negatives_for_test, count_test_predicted_donations, false_negatives_for_test)TrueCondition factor(c(0, 0, 1, 1))PredictedCondition factor(c(1, 0, 1, 0)) print confusion matrix for traindf_conf_mat_train data.frame(TrueCondition,PredictedCondition,collect_train)ggplot(data = df_conf_mat_train, purpose = aes(x = PredictedCondition, y = TrueCondition)) + geom_tile(aes(fill = collect_train), colour = white) + geom_text(aes(label = sprintf(%1.0f, collect_train)), vjust = 1) + scale_fill_gradient(low = blue, high = red) + theme_bw() + theme(legend.position = none) print confusion matrix for testdf_conf_mat_test data.frame(TrueCondition,PredictedCondition,collect_test)ggplot(data = df_conf_mat_test, mapping = aes(x = PredictedCondition, y = TrueCondition)) + geom_tile(aes(fill = collect_test), colour = white) + geom_text(aes(label = sprintf(%1.0f, collect_test)), vjust = 1) + scale_fill_gradi ent(low = blue, high = red) + theme_bw() + theme(legend.position = none) MCC = (TP * TN FP * FN)/sqrt((TP+FP) (TP+FN) (FP+TN) (TN+FN)) for train valuesmcc_train ((count_train_predicted_donations * true_negatives_for_train) (false_positives_train_counter * false_negatives_for_train))/sqrt((count_train_predicted_donations+false_positives_train_counter)*(count_train_predicted_donations+false_negatives_for_train)*(false_positives_train_counter+true_negatives_for_train)*(true_negatives_for_train+false_negatives_for_train)) print MCC for traincat(Matthews coefficient of correlation Coefficient for train ,mcc_train) MCC = (TP * TN FP * FN)/sqrt((TP+FP) (TP+FN) (FP+TN) (TN+FN)) for test valuesmcc_test ((count_test_predicted_donations * true_negatives_for_test) (false_positives_test_counter * false_negatives_for_test))/sqrt((count_test_predicted_donations+false_positives_test_counter)*(count_test_predicted_donations+false_negatives_for_test)*(false_positives_test_counter+true_negative s_for_test)*(true_negatives_for_test+false_negatives_for_test)) print MCC for testcat(Matthews Correlation Coefficient for test ,mcc_test) print MCC err between train and errcat(Matthews Correlation Coefficient error ,abs(mcc_train-mcc_test)) Total = TP + TN + FP + FN for traintotal_train count_train_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_train + false_positives_train_counter + false_negatives_for_train Total = TP + TN + FP + FN for testtotal_test count_test_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_test + false_positives_test_counter + false_negatives_for_test totalAccuracy = (TP + TN) / Total for train valuestotalAccuracyTrain (count_train_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_train)/ total_train totalAccuracy = (TP + TN) / Total for test valuestotalAccuracyTest (count_test_predicted_donations + true_negatives_for_test)/ total_test randomAccuracy = ((TN+FP)*(TN+FN)+(FN+TP)*(FP+TP)) / (Total*Total) for train valuesrandomAccuracyTrain((true_negatives_for_train+false_positi ves_train_counter)*(true_negatives_for_train+false_negatives_for_train)+(false_negatives_for_train+count_train_predicted_donations)*(false_positives_train_counter+count_train_predicted_donations))/(total_train*total_train) randomAccuracy = ((TN+FP)*(TN+FN)+(FN+TP)*(FP+TP)) / (Total*Total) for test valuesrandomAccuracyTest((true_negatives_for_test+false_positives_test_counter)*(true_negatives_for_test+false_negatives_for_test)+(false_negatives_for_test+count_test_predicted_donations)*(false_positives_test_counter+count_test_predicted_donations))/(total_test*total_test) kappa = (totalAccuracy randomAccuracy) / (1 randomAccuracy) for trainkappa_train (totalAccuracyTrain-randomAccuracyTrain)/(1-randomAccuracyTrain) kappa = (totalAccuracy randomAccuracy) / (1 randomAccuracy) for testkappa_test (totalAccuracyTest-randomAccuracyTest)/(1-randomAccuracyTest) print kappa errorcat(Kappa error ,abs(kappa_train-kappa_test))

Dangers of Methamphetamine

Dangers of scumMark DawodThe United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime has estimated that five hundred metric tons of amphetamine-type stimulants be produced, coexist with almost twenty-five million abusers. The US g everyplacenment reported in 2008 that about long dozen million people over the age of twelve has use rubbish, with over half a million being well-ordered users of the substance. Meth has a market price in the US of thirteen billion dollars, which corroborates with its high up street price, ranging from three to four hundred dollars for a fourth of a gram. Although meth is lastn for its disastrous side cause such as severe damage to the brain and heart, it helps those suffering with ADHD, narcolepsy, and dietary problemy. Overall(a), internal-combustion engine is a perilous stimulant that cripples the lives of its users and bystanders. However, with strong public sense and education regarding the do medicatess deleterious do, the dilemma of meth exploitation back tooth be stopped.What is meth? Where did it originate from?Amphetamine, a dialect of the perilous methamphetamine we know today was first synthesized in Ger many a(prenominal) in 1887, however, scientists were blinded to its stimulant effects at the time. A few years later in 1893, meth was synthesized in Japan, it was not until 1919 that crystal meth was synthesized, similarly in Japan. At the time, the effects of this drug were not to the full understood and were not sensed as dangerous, in turn the drug began to gain its popularity, although it did not fully take off until after the second great war. Methamphetamine was apt(p) to troops in wars such as creation War II, the Korean Wars, and the Vietnam War to help them attain alertness throughout the battles, gaining an advantage over their counterparts. Additionally, methamphetamine was utilise during Nazi Germany as Hitler was intoxicated and enjoyed indulging in drugs. However, it was not until he sent Nazis thirty-fi ve million pills of meth, known as Pervitin, which gave them the alertness to stay awake and focused for days at a time, they believed this pill to be just like coffee. Soon after World War II, biker gangs in California saw the value of this stimulant and began producing and export it, resulting in them making a hefty profit as the drug was easy to produce and sell. To this day, methamphetamine is very well known and used frequently, especially in densely populated regions such as Miami and California. Methamphetamine besides has very limited medical use, but is used for the most part by women seeking to lose weight as the drug suppresses liking well. Methamphetamine is referred to as crystal, speed, ice, dope, whizz, chalk, and fast, just to name a few. Meth, usually used as a club drug, taken mostly at jabber parties, is a poison that systematically destroys the body. I tried it once and nose cut outs I was addicted, said a meth addict that lost all that he stood for becau se of this stimulant. Methamphetamine addiction is single handedly one of the toughest drug addictions to encompass and results in death grownuply because it burns up bodily resources that can only be replenished through frequent inlet of the drug.Who uses meth? And How?Studies destine that meth users range from thirteen years old to thirty-three users old, although typically, users ar within the fifteen to twenty-two year old age gap. Concerning race, African Americans are less likely to use meth than Caucasians. Meth users are predominantly Caucasian, blue collar workers, unemployed, and studying in either high school or college. Methamphetamine is besides largely used in Native American communities because the spread of addiction has been widely spread from Mexican Drug Cartels, which is one of their main access sources for the substance. Women are also more(prenominal) likely to consume meth compared to other stimulants like heroin and cocain because of its appetite supp ressing side effect.Meth can be snorted, smoked, injected, and ingested statistics concerning the different slipway meth is consumed are as follows3% injest12% snort25% inject60% smokeHow does meth affect the body, mind, relationships, and environment?Upon the consumption of meth, the heart rate of user increases, on with their breathing patterns. Methamphetamine also releases exceedingly high levels of dopamine, 1100% more than cocaine does. This stimulant effect is also one of the main reasons that this substance is very addictive. However, with time, the brain builds a carapace to the substance and the only way to get around this is by the eat the drug more frequently and in higher doses, at this set the user is addicted and builds a reliance on the drug to feed their body resources. Short term, according to drugfreeworld.org, methamphetamine effects complicate the side by side(p)A limited desire for foodHeightened heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperatureDilated p upilsDisorganized sleeping patternsNauseaAbnormal behavior, possibly violent if permittedHallucinations and volatilityPanic and psychosisConvulsions, seizures, and deathLong term, according to drugfreeworld.org, methamphetamine effects include the followingPermanent damage to blood vessels, the brain, and/or the heartLiver, kidney, and/or lung damageIf smoked, the carnage of nose tissuesIf injects, excessive diseasesMalnutrition which leads to weight loss acidulous tooth decayDisorientationIncreased psychological dependencePsychosisDepression effects of Alzheimers in the brainMethamphetamine also plays a considerably large role in disturbing relationships between family members and friends. When on meth, the drug essentially controls the body, resulting in unintended physical, mental, and emotional harm. The producing of meth within the household or near others is also significantly dangerous to those near by. Through explosions, fumes, or even waste (one pound of meth results in five pounds of waste) which in turn damages the environment.How can we lower the consumption and use of methamphetamine not used medically?According to P.A.C.E representatives, users of methamphetamine have indicated that the drug takes complete control over their body. This is due partially because of the high levels of dopamine that is released through the consumption of the substance. However, if a community is well-educated through a program such as Meth360, methamphetamine use will drop and more awareness will spread through neighboring areas. shutdownMethamphetamine is a perilous stimulant that cripples the lives of its users and those surrounding them. Although, knowing what it is, its effects, and the dangers of its consumption, along with circulation of such information, the use of this drug will decrease and the environment, along with many families coping through the addiction of a loved one, will improve.

Malaysia As A Fully Developed Country Politics Essay

Malaysia As A richly Developed Country Politics EssayThe purpose of this paper is to range before you some fantasys on the future words of our landed e acres and how we should go virtu tot solely(prenominal)yy to attain our objective of give riseing Malaysia into an industrialised country. Also draw ar some measures that should be in place in the shorter name so that the foundations set up be laid for the colossal journey towards that final objective.Hope abundanty the Malaysian who is born today and in the years to acclaim provide be the last generation of our citizens who go out be donjon in a country that is called receiveth. The last-ditch objective that we should aim for is a Malaysia that is a all-embracingy substantial country by the year 2020.What, you qualification rightly ask, is a fully highly-developed country ? Do we pauperism to be give care whatsoever fortuneicular country of the present 19 countries that are generally understanded as deve loped countries ? Do we want to be like the United Kingdom, like Canada, like Holland, like Sweden, like Finland, like Japan ? To be sure, each of the 19, out of a world familiarity of to a greater extent(prenominal) than 160 states, has its strengths. save each alike has its fair appropriate of rachiticnesses. Without being a duplicate of any of them we fanny muted be developed. We should be a developed country in our hold mould.Malaysia should non be developed merely in the scotch sense. It moldiness(prenominal) be a ground that is fully developed along all the dimensions sparingally, governmentally, fondly, spiritually, psychologically and culturally. We innate be fully developed in borders of study unity and cordial cohesion, in terms of our preservation, in terms of social justice, political stability, system of rules of government, quality of career, social and spiritual values, field gazump and confidence.Malaysia As A Fully Developed Country One definitionBy the year 2020, Malaysia bay window be a united nation, with a confident Malaysian society, infused by conceptive moral and ethical values, backup in a society that is democratic, liberal and broad, care, sparingally just and movedid, modern font and lucky, and in full possession of an scrimping that is rivalrous, dynamic, robust and alive. in that respect can be no fully developed Malaysia until we find finally smite the nine pennyimeral strategic gainsays that deliver confronted us from the moment of our consanguinity as an independent nation.The first of these is the quarrels of establishing a united Malaysian nation with a sense of common and shared destiny. This essential be a nation at peace with itself-importance, territorially and culturalally integrated, sustainment in harmony and full and fair partnership, made up of nonpareil Bangsa Malaysia with political loyalty and dedication to the nation.The second is the take exception of creat ing a psychologically liberated, secure, and developed Malaysian baseball club with faith and confidence in itself, justifiably proud of what it is, of what it has accomplished, robust comely to face all manner of adversity. This Malaysian Society moldiness be distinguished by the pursuit of excellence, fully awake(predicate) of all its potentials, psychologically subservient to none, and respected by the states of other nations.The deuce-ace challenge we have al counsellings faced is that of sustaining and developing a vaned democratic society, practising a form of mature consensual, community-oriented Malaysian majority rule that can be a model for more than a nonher(prenominal) developing countries.The quaternate is the challenge of establishing a fully moral and ethical society, whose citizens are strong in religious and spiritual values and imbued with the highest of ethical standards.The fifth challenge that we have al federal agencys faced is the challenge of est ablishing a matured, liberal and tolerant society in which Malaysians of all colours and creeds are free to manage and profess their customs,cultures and religious beliefs and yet feeling that they belong to one nation.The ordinal is the challenge of establishing a scientific and come upive society, a society that is innovative and forward-looking, one that is non only if a consumer of technology nevertheless too a contri saveor to the scientific and proficient civilisation of the future.The s raseth challenge is the challenge of establishing a fully caring society and a caring culture, a social system in which society al deplorable for have a go at it before self, in which the wel farthere of the great deal forget revolve non around the state or the individual(a) but around a strong and resilient family system.The eighth is the challenge of ensuring an economically just society. This is a society in which at that place is a fair and equit satisfactory distribution of the wealth of the nation, in which there is full partnership in economic progress. Such a society cannot be in place so long as there is the appellative of race with economic function, and the identification of economic backwardness with race.The ninth challenge is the challenge of establishing a fortunate society, with an economy that is fully competitive, dynamic, robust and resilient.We have already come a long way towards the fulfilment of these objectives. The nine central objectives listed postulate not be our order of priorities over the next three decades. Most obviously, the priorities of any moment in time must welcome the specific circumstances of that moment in time.But it would be surprising if the first strategic challenge which I have mentioned the disposal of a united Malaysian nation is not likely to be the just or so fundamental, the most basic.Since a good deal of what I pass on say this cockcrow volition sign up on economic phylogenesis, allow me pains yet again that the comprehensive development towards the developed society that we want -however each of us may respect to define it -cannot taut material and economic advancement only. Far from it. stinting development must not become the be-all and the end-all of our theme endeavours.Since this Council must concentrate on the issues of economic development and economic social justice, which for this nation must go hand in hand for the foresee adequate to(p) future, allow me continue on the perception of the central strategic challenges with pretend to these two rattling objectives.At this point it is well to define in greater lucubrate the objective of establishing an economically just society.Of the two prongs of the NEP no one is against the annihilation of absolute poverty -regardless of race, and irrespective of geographical location. All Malaysians, whether they live in the folksy or the urban areas, whether they are in the south, north, east or west, mu st be moved above the line of absolute poverty.This nation must be able to provide enough food on the table so that not a solitary Malaysian is subjected to the parody of gross under-nourishment. We must provide enough by way of natural shelter, access to health facilities, and all the basic essentials. A developed Malaysia must have a wide and vigorous middle class and must provide full opportunities for those in the bottom third to climb their way out of the pit of relative poverty.The second prong, that of re miserable the identification of race with major economic function is also acceptable except that somehow it is thought contingent to achieve this without any shuffling of position. If we want to build an equitable society than we must accept some affirmative action. This leave alone mean that in all the major and authoritative arenas of employment, there should be a good mix of the ethnic groups that make up the Malaysian nation. By legitimate means we must hear a fair equipoise with regard to the professions and all the major categories of employment. Certainly we must be as interested in quality and merit. But we must watch the wholesome development of a viable and robust Bumiputera commercial and industrial community.A developed Malaysia should not have a society in which economic backwardness is identified with race. This does not imply individual income equality, a patch in which all Malaysians will have the alike income. This is an impossibility because by sheer dint of our own individual effort, our own individual upbringing and our individual preferences, we will all have different economic expense, and will be financially rewarded differently. An equality of individual income as propounded by socialists and communists is not only not possible, it is not desirable and is a formula for disaster.But I do believe that the narrowing of the ethnic income gap, by means of the legitimate homework of opportunities, through a closer parit y of social operate and home, through the development of the appropriate economic cultures and through full serviceman imaging development, is both necessity and desirable. We must aspire by the year 2020 to orbital cavity a stage where no-one can say that a particular ethnic group is inherently economically backward and another is economically inherently advanced. Such a situation is what we must work for efficiently, effectively, with fairness and with dedication.A full partnership in economic progress cannot mean full partnership in poverty. It must mean a fair end with regard to the participation and contribution of all our ethnic groups including the Bumiputeras of Sabah and Sarawak in the high- harvest-tide, modern celestial spheres of our economy. It must mean a fair distribution with regard to the visualize , charge and ownership of the modern economy.In order to achieve this economically just society, we must escalate dramatically our programmes for national huma n choice development. There is a need to hold back the creation of an economically resilient and fully competitive Bumiputera community so as to be at par with the NonBumiputera community. There is need for a mental revolution and a cultural transformation. Much of the work of pulling ourselves up by our boot-straps must be done ourselves. In working for the correction of the economic imbalances, there has to be the fullest emphasis on making the needed advances at step on it and with the most productive forces at the lowest possible economic and social cost.With regard to the establishment of a prosperous society, we can set many aspirational goals. I believe that we should set the solidistic (as opposed to aspirational) target of about doubling our true gross domestic product every t en years between 1990 and 2020 AD. If we do this, our gross domestic product should be about eight times larger by the year 2020 than it was in 1990. Our GDP in 1990 was 115 billion Ringgit. Our GDP in 2020 should therefore be about 920 billion Ringgit in real (1990 Ringgit) terms.This rapid appendage will require that we grow by an mediocre of about 7 per cent (in real terms) yearbookly over the next 30 years. Admittedly this is on optimistic projection but we should set our sights high if we are to impress ourselves into striving hard. We must guard against growth fixation, the danger of pushing for growth figures oblivious to the needed commitment to ensure stability, to observe ostentatiousness low, to contract sustainability, to develop our quality of life and standard of living, and the achievement of our other social objectives. It will be a difficult task, with many peaks and low points. But I believe that this can be done.In the 1960s, we grew by an annual average of 5.1 per cent in the 1970s, the first decade of the NEP, Malaysia grew by an average of 7.8 per cent in the 1980s, because of the recession years, we grew by an annual average of 5.9 per cent .If we bow the last thirty years, our GDP rose annually in real terms by an average of 6.3 per cent. If we take the last twenty years, we grew by an annual average of 6.9 per cent. What is needed is an additional 0.1 per cent growth. Surely if we all pull together God willing this 0.1% can be achieved.If we do succeed, and assuming roughly a 2.5 per cent annual rate of race growth, by the year 2020, Malaysians will be four times richer (in real terms) than they were in 1990. That is the measure of the prosperous society we wish and hopefully we can achieve.The second leg of our economic objective should be to secure the establishment of a competitive economy. Such an economy must be able to sustain itself over the longer term, must be dynamic, robust and resilient. It must mean, among other things A diversified and balanced economy with a mature and widely based industrial sector, a modern and mature land sector and an efficient and productive and an equally mature function sect or an economy that is quick on its feet, able to quickly adapt to changing patterns of supply, lease and competition an economy that is technologically proficient, fully able to adapt, pioneer and invent, that is increasingly technology intensive, moving in the direction of high and higher levels of technology an economy that has strong and cohesive industrial linkages throughout the system an economy push backn by brain-power, acquirements and diligence in possession of a wealth of information, with the k nowledge of what to do and how to do it an economy with high and escalating productiveness with regard to every factor of production an entrepreneurial economy that is self reliant, outward looking and enterprising an economy sustained by an exemplary work ethic, quality consciousness and the quest for excellence an economy characterised by low ostentatiousness and a low cost of living an economy that is subjected to the full discipline and rigour of market forces.Most o f us in this present Council will not be there on the morning of January 1, 2020 Not many, I think. The great bulk of the work that must be done to ensure a fully developed country called Malaysia a generation from now will obviously be done by the leaders who follow us, by our children and grand-children. But we should make sure that we have done our duty in guiding them with regard to what we should work to become. And let us lay the secure foundations that they must build upon.Some gravestone Public domain Economic PoliciesSome Key Public Sector Economic Policies For The Forseeable FutureSince the primeval 1980s, we have stressed that this country will rely on the privy sector as the primary engine of economic growth. In a way we were ahead of the rest of the world, even the developed countries in entrusting economic growth to the private sector.In the early years, our fledgling private sector could not fully respond to the challenge that was issued. because came the unpred ictable and difficult recession and slowdown years. However in the last three years the private sector has bloomed and responded. The policy is now bearing fruit. The outcome in 1988, we grew in real terms by 8.9 per cent in 1989, by 8.8 per cent in 1990, by 9.4 per cent without expansionary budgetting by the governing. Even the tiger economies of North East Asia have not done so well.No nation can unfold to throw in a winning formula. And this nation will not. For the forseeable future, Malaysia will continue to drive the private sector, to rely on it as the primary engine of growth.In the meantime the regime will continue to downsize of its role in the compass of economic production and logical argument. The State cannot of year retreat totally from the economic life of Malaysia. It will not abdicate its responsibility for overseeing and providing the legal and regulative framework for rapid economic and social development.The brass will be pro active to ensure healthy f iscal and monetary counsel and the smooth functioning of the Malaysian economy. It will escalate the development of the necessary physical infrastructure and the most conducive business environment consonant with its other social priorities. And where absolutely neccessary the Government will not be so completly bound by its commitment to withdrawal from the economic role, that it will not intervene. It will play its role judiciously and actively.The process of de- decree will continue. There can be no doubt that canons are an essential part of the governance of society, of which the economy is a part. A state without laws and regulations is a state flirting with anarchy. Without order, there can be little business and no development. What is not required is over regulation although it may not be easy to decide when the Government is over regulating.Wisdom lies of course in the ability to distinguish between those laws and regulations which are productive of our societal objecti ves and those that are not and it lies in making the right judgements with regard to the slew offs. Thus Governments will be neither foolish nor irresponsible, and will allow to the needs of the wider society as well as the requirements of rapid growth and a competitive, robust and resilient economy. It will be guided by the knowledge that the freeing of enterprise too not only laws and regulations, and state intervention can contribute to the achievement of the wider social objectives. In this blithesome and given the fact that there are clear areas of unproductive regulation which need to be phased out, you can expect the process of productive de- regulation to continue. The recent move of Bank Negara to de-regulate the BLR regime is an example in point.Privatisation will continue to be an important cornerstone of our national development and national ability strategy. This policy is not founded on ideological belief. It is aimed specifically at enhancing competitiveness, e fficiency and productivity in the economy, at reducing the administrative and financial burdens on the Government and at expediting the attainment of national distributional goals.In implementing our privatisation policy, the Government is fully aware of the need to protect universal interest, to ensure that the poor are provided access to essential services, to guarantee that quality services are provided at minimum cost, to avoid unproductive monopolistic practices and to ensure the welfare of workers.There will be problems. No endeavour comes without a price tag. But it is clear enough that this policy has thus far generated positive results and we can expect its implementation to be accelerated in the future. With the completion of the Privatisation Master Plan Study, I believe that many of the bottlenecks and rigidities that chock up the progress of the needed privatisation will be removed, thus accelerating its smooth implementation.There will be in the years ahead an Accele rated industrialization Drive, a drive that is not based on a enthrallment with industry but on the simple truth that if we want to develop rapidly -in a situation where the developed economies will be moving out of industrialisation into a post industrial stage this is the way to go. If we are to industrialise rapidly, we will need to capitalise on our national strengths and forcefully tackle our weaknesses.In pursuit of this policy, the Government will need to deal with the problem of a narrow manufacturing base. In 1988, 63 per cent of total Malaysian manufactured exports came from the electrical and electronic and textile industries. Electronics only if accounted for 50 per cent of total manufactured exports. We must substitute.Despite the most rapid development in the free pot zones insignificant demand has been generated for local intermediate products. We will have to deal with the problem of weak industrial linkages.There is inadequate development of indigenous techno logy. There is too little value- added, too a good deal simple assembly and production. There is also a need to counter rising production costs brought about by rising costs of labour, raw materials and overheads by improving efficiency and productivity. There is a serious shortage of skilled manpower. All these and many more issues will need to be addressed.Small and medium plate industries have an important role to play in generating employment opportunities, in strengthening industrial linkages, in penetrating markets and generating export earnings. They have a crucial role as a spawning ground for the birth of tomorrows entrepreneurs.The Government will devise appropriate assistance schemes and will seek to rustle the level of management expertise, technological know-how and skills of the employees in this very important and in many ways neglected sector of our economy.The SMIs will be one of the primary foundations for our future industrial thrust. The Government is fully com mitted to its healthiest development. righteous as we must diversify the products we export so must we diversify the markets we export to. Malaysian exporters must look also at the non tralatitious markets. It will require virgin knowledge, new networks, new contacts and new approaches towards dealings with unfamiliar laws, rules and regulation. It will be uncomfortable but it would be a mistake to consider that it is not worth the discomfort to deal with these markets. solo they may be small but cumulatively the market of the developing Asian, African and Latin America countries are big. If the developed countries find it worth spell to export to these markets then it must be worth while for us also. The Government will help but the private sector must play their part. Reliance on export- led growth is still the way to rapid growth.Entry into the world market pits our companies against all comers and subjects them to the full force of international competition. This is a chal lange we must accept not only when because the domestic market is too small but because in the long run it will actually enrich our domestic market and deoxidise our dependence on export.We must persist with export-led growth despite the worldwide slowdown, despite the rise of protectionism, trade blocs and managed trade. When the going is tougher, we must not magical spell inward. We simply have no choice but to be more lean, more resourceful, more productive and generally more competitive, more able to take on the world. 56. The liberalisation of the Malaysian economy has had beneficial result and contributed towards a more dynamic growth.Obviously, liberalisation must be undertaken responsibly and in stages so as not to create economic uncertainness and impose excessive structural adjustment costs. We should take into the fullest consideration Malaysias energy to undertake liberalisation. We should not dismiss the infant industry argument, but we should not bow to illegitim ate pressure.At the same time, productive liberalisation ensures that our private sector will be less reliant on maudlin profits and on protection, which benefits some producers at the expense of consumers and other producers. Infants must grow up. They must grow up to be sturdy and strong. And this cannot be done if they are over-protected.For thinks that are obvious, the Government will continue to foster the inflow of foreign enthronement. This is essential for Malaysias Accelerated Industrialisation Drive. again, we will not abandon a winning strategy. But we will fine-tune it to ensure that measures are in place to ensure that Malaysia maximises the net benefit from the inflow of foreign coronation.In the past, the domestic private sector has largely failed to meet the targets set in successive Malaysia Plans. Apparently domestic investors feel that the Government has not devoted enough effort to the fostering of domestic investment as we have devoted to those from overse as. This is not completely true but we will redress the situation as we get better ply back.Small and medium scale enterprises must be assisted to grow bigger. Surplus savings and domestic capital must be more productively channeled into investments. Entrepreneurs must be spawned. Where necessary, technological and training help must be extended and infrastructural support must be given.It is worthwhile to stress again that the development that we need cannot take place without the infrastructural underpinning. We must trammel one step ahead of demand and need. In the recent Budget, we clear stated what we will do in the shorter term. The Sixth Malaysia Plan will make clear what we will do in the medium term while the second outline perspective Plan will signify the direction over the long term. The Government is fully aware of the infrastructure bottlenecks and of the need for massive investments in the years to come. We will not let growth to be retarded by excessive congestio n and investment indigestion, as has happened in many countries.In our drive to move modishly ahead nothing is more important then the development of human resources.From the experience in the last two decades of all the economic miracles of the countries that have been poor in terms of natural resources, it is blindingly clear that the most important resource of any nation must be the talents, skills, creativity and will of its people. What we have between our ears, at our elbow and in our heart is much more important than what we have below our feet and around us. Our people is our ultimate resource. Without a doubt, in the 1990s and beyond, Malaysia must give the fullest emphasis possible to the development of this ultimate resource.Malaysia has one of the best educational systems in the third gear World. But for the journey that we must make over our second generation, new standards have to be set and new results achieved.We cannot but aspire to the highest standards with rega rd to the skills of our people, to their devotion to knowhow and knowledge upgrading and self-improvement, to their language competence, to their work military capabilitys and discipline, to their managerial abilities, to their achievement motivation, their attitude towards excellence and to the fostering of the entrepreneurial spirit.We cannot afford to neglect the importance of entrepreneurship and entrepreneural development, which goes, of course beyond training and education. We must ensure the correct mix with regard to professionals, sub-professionals, craftsmen and artisans, and the correct balance with regard to those with competence in science and technology, the a rts and social sciences.In the development of human resources we cannot afford to neglect one-half the population i.e. the Bumiputeras. If they are not brought into the mainstream, if their potentials are not fully developed, if they are allowed to be a milestone around the national neck, then our progress is go ing to be retarded by that much. No nation can achieve full progress with only half its human resources harnessed. What may be considered a burden now can, with the correct attitude and management be the force that lightens our burden and hasten our progress. The Bumiputeras must play their part fully in the achievement of the national goal.Inflation is the bane of all economic planners. Fortunately except during the first oil shock when inflation went up to 17%, Malaysia has managed to keep inflation low. We must continue to keep it low. The Government, the business sector, and the people must be committed to keeping it low. The only real way to combat inflation is to live within ones means. If we cannot afford we just dont buy. In Malaysia this is possible for we can produce practically all we need in terms of food, shelter and clothing. When recently we had a recession, life was bearable because we were able to buy our needs at roughly the same price i.e. we had practically no in flation. Now that we have more money, demand pull is slowly forcing prices up. So although we may be more prosperous now, although we may be financially wealthier now, but in terms of buy power we are not as well-off as we should be.The public must understand what causes inflation and must be disciplined enough to combat it . In some countries when inflation rates go up to thousands of per cent per year, Governments have been changed again and again without inflation being contained. The reason is that the people are not disciplined and prepared to restrain themselves. No Government can put a stop to inflation unless the people are prepared to accept the discomfort of austerity.In the fight against inflation nothing is more effective than education and discipline among the people.In an interdependent trading world, the transposition rate plays a vital role. Too gimcrack a up-to-dateness will increase import bills and debt payment but it will make exports competitive. But the fu ll benefit of a low exchange rate on export can be negated by the cost of imported material which go into the exported products. A high currency value will enrich our people, particularly in terms of purchasing imported luxuries but our exports will not be competitive and the economy will eventually be adversely affected.Clearly the management of the exchange rate is of extreme importance to the progress of our nation. There is only a limited ability to manipulate. In the final analysis it is how we balance our trade that will determine how our currency is valued. Malaysia must learn to be competitive through higher productivity rather than through manipulating exchange rates. Again the people must understand their role, particularly with regard to productivity.In a world of high technology Malaysia cannot afford to lag behind. We cannot be in the front line of modern technology but we must endlessly try to catch up at least in those handle where we may have certain advantages. W e have already adopted a National Plan of Action for Industrial Technology Development. This is the easy part. We must now proceed expeditiously to the enormously difficult task of implementation.The Government will certainly provide the necessary commitment and leadership to this national endeavour. The institutional and support infrastructure will be put in place to ensure rapid, realistic, focussed and market driven development of our technological capabilities. But let us never forget that technology is not for the laboratory but the factory floor and the market. The private sector and our people must respond. Far too often the results of research are ignoured in favour of the tried and tested moneyspinners. It has been said that the secret of Japans success is its skill in applying research results to marketable products. If we dont do this we are going to be left behind whatever may be the level of our technology. piece of music increasing our industrial manufacturing sector, Malaysia must make sure that our agriculture and services sector will not be neglected. We must advance. We must turn over for efficiency, modernity and competitiveness. These should be the key guiding principles of our national policy towards agriculture, tourism and the fullest development of the entire services sector.Nor can we afford to neglect the rural sector of our economy and society. In the years ahead, we must work for a second rural development transformation, restructuring the villages so as to be matched with both agriculture and modern industry. Less and less farmers should produce more and more food, thus releasing manpower for an industrial society.While doing all these we must also ensure that our valuable natural resources are not wasted. Our land must remain productive and fertile, our atmosphere clear and clean, our pissing unpolluted, our forest resources capable of regeneration, able to yield the needs of our national development. The debaucher of our lan d must not be desecrated for it s own sake and for our economic advancement.In the information age that we are living in the Malaysian society must be information rich. It can be no accident that there is today no wealthy, developed country that is information -poor and no information-rich country that is poor and undeveloped.There was a time when land was the most fundamental basis of prosperity and wealth. Then came the second wave, the age of industrialisation. Smokestacks rose where the fields were once cultivated. Now, increasingly, knowledge will not o

The Queen Versuse Dudley And Stephens

The Queen Vers use Dudley And StephensIn this report, I will be development the sited miscue The Queen v. Dudley and Stephens (1884) with reference to the relevant clean-living philosophies to anlayse what atomic number 18 the manageable options that tribe would decide when they atomic number 18 in the similar agency as Dudley.Four English sailors were trapped at sea in a small demeanorboat in the South Atlantic, over a thousand miles from land. They had merely two cans of preserved turnips and no fresh w crapr. They had been without viands and water for several(prenominal) years. And finally, Captain Thomas Dudley suggested scratch offing Richard Parker so that they could feed on him. Dudley and Stephens cease up garbage see Parker, and ate him to survive. They were rescued four days afterward and went to trial. They were sentenced to death penalty however, their sentence was reduced to six months imprisonment later.2 Utilitarianism and vapid ImperativeAccordin g to Jeremy Bentham (1748 1832), the utilitarian philosophy states that the full field topic to do is whatever will maximize utility. He meant utility as whatever produces pleasure or contentment and whatever prevents disturb or single-foots. He had do the assumption that human are governed by the feelings of pain and pleasure and that human like pleasure and dislike pain. This doctrine tell that the right thing to do is whatever produces the great good for the greatest number.On the opposite hand, Immanuel Kant (1724 1804) provides us with a nonher alternative philosophy matted Imperative. He said that categorical locates morality in certain duties and right ensureless of the consequences. He regards morality non as to maximize happiness scarce sort of regard people as an end, and never as a means to an end. We should treat people with respect and not use them as mere instruments.3 Moral and Ethical Issues Raised several(prenominal) moral issues raised from this case would be that Would it be virtuously warrant to shovel in an innocent soul out of extremity in ordinance to prevent many other innocent persons from dying? Would it makes a loss if Parker gave consent to be the one being killed? and Will it be chastely scarceified to feed on Parker, assuming he died naturally? near may make out that it would be essential to kill one person in revisal to carry on three plumps. In this case, they corroborate Benthams utilitarianism. charm others might oppose the vagary of utilitarianism and argue that Parker would prepare the right to conk out and to kill a person is considered as mutilate regardless of the ground which suggests the doctrine of categorical imperative.4 Viewpoints of Captain Thomas Dudley and Edwin StephenBoth Dudley and Stephen claimed that they killed and ate Parker. Under the extreme situation, they had no choice but to kill individual out of necessity.Why is necessity so important to the extent that someo ne will kill another person in order to save the many other people? According to Oxford dictionary, necessity is defined as a thing that you must have and cannot manage without. Maslows hierarchy of ask states that you have to fulfill the basic physiological needs before other needs. Physiological needs refer to food, air, water, breathing, nutrition, etc. Dudley and Stephen were faced with the situation without food and water, which are considered as their basic needs.I believe that in this case, the panic of dying (without food and water for several days) makes them do anything in order to survive for a short while longer to sustain intrust of rescue. Their take lives and families motivated them to kill Parker. The decision do might be unacceptable by others. During near-death experience, Parker was regarded as food to them they would not value that it is morally faulty by eating him. Majority in the same situation as them would have probably done the same thing.For instan ce, people suffering from shortfall, often turn to practice cannibalism as a last resort. During the famine period (1609 1610) in colonial Jamest throw, colonists turned to cannibalism. One man was confessed to have killed and eaten his pregnant wife out of necessity (Colonial Williamsburg, 2007).They figured out that the go around decision that will benefit most of the people would be to kill Parker, the weakened and ill, since he is the most likely to die before them. I have made an assumption that they had used Benthams desire of utility a crude currency of value to evaluate the benefits. They had translated human life into pecuniary terms. They had families to support unlike Parker who had no dependents. Therefore, the death of Parker will not solitary(prenominal) benefit Dudley and Stephen, but as well as their families in terms of financial support and no grieving over lost of their families.They do not regard this as morally incorrect as they think that the decision ma de was for the greatest good for the greatest number. Professor Michael Sandels example The Runway tramcar shows that most of the people would turn the trolley car onto the side track, killing one person instead of five persons for the first scenario. This is similar to the case of Dudley and Stephen where they killed one person in order to save more people except that in the trolley case is not cannibalism. They have made the same decision as what the majority will do.5 Viewpoints of Dudley and Stephens FamiliesTheir interests would be that Dudley and Stephen ought to have the right to live. I supposed they supported utilitarianism where Dudley and Stephen would be considered as morally justified to have eaten Parker out of necessity. I think that the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number is supported by their families. Without this, Dudley and Stephen would be deem as criminal and maybe sentenced to death. They considered their welfare as a whole would be more benefic ial than having all four sailors to die, exit their families with grieve and no support.6 Viewpoints of Richard ParkerDudley and Stephens disrespected Parkers individual rights. Everyone have the right to live, however, utilitarianism precisely concerns around the sum of satisfactions. In Parkers viewpoints, I think that he would favour impartiality, where he gets the right to choose. Impartiality would mean that each persons interests are evenly important from the moral point of view, there are no inside persons. We must recognise other peoples welfare as important as their own.Another issue raised is that he is an orphan and he had no dependents, does this mean that they could violate Parkers individual rights? The United States Declaration of Independence declared in 1766 that all men are endowed with certain non-negotiable rights, and that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. I think that Parker prefers categorical imperative than utilitarianism. Categorical treat people as end instead of treating the person as a tool to achieve something else. It would be morally wrong, to use Parker as a tool for their own survival.7 Viewpoints of oecumenic PublicGeneral public would be interested to know how this verdict would impact next similar cases. Precedent becomes binding and must be followed by courts of same rank. If judge allows the use of necessity as a defence, then there will be a higher risk of more wicked crime. And the problem rise with who should decide what is considered as necessity.8 My Stand as Captain Thomas DudleyIf I were Dudley, I would not kill Parker and rather wait for rescue under the same circumstances. I would define moral as the principles of right conduct or the distinction between right and wrong. I would support categorical imperative in this situation. The flat coats for my choice are as belowIndividual rightsI believe that human have certain fundamental rights. Kant mentioned that every person is w orthy of respect, not because we own ourselves but because we are rational beings, capable of reason we are also autonomous beings, capable of acting and choosing freely. We should take into account of individual needs. However, utilitarianism would argue that by taking account of individual needs rather than the boilersuit needs would produce greater unhappiness over happiness. Utilitarianism requires us to call down the frequent welfare which results in no priority given up to our own interests. It stated that every persons life and interest rank equally with everyone elses.For instance, if a parent thinks that by sacrificing his child to be burned in a building, thinking that someone else in the building should be saved as their future contribution to the general welfare seems greater than the childs. (Cyndi Banks, 2004) I would think that the parents act as immoral. This is because family and friends are not just members of humanity, they are peculiar(prenominal) to us and i f we were to show no more concern for their welfare than others, it just does not seem right.I think to put a common currency of value to human life would be inappropriate. Human life is beyond calculations and assigning monetary terms to it does not suffice. This is because money could not buy health (life).Murder is finish, innocentMoreover, I think that tally is considered as fundamentally wrong, no matter under what situation murder is still not morally permissible. No doubt that sometimes murder is use as self-defense, but it would still be morally wrong. If they were to do so, then what is the going away between them and the person who is causing danger to them? For example, in the case of terrorists, they killed thousands of people so as to achieve their goal. When these terrorists were caught by the police, they interrogated and pain them. In this way, the police are acting like the terrorists where they use others so as to achieve their goal.Kant said that we should no t use people as instruments to achieve their own goals. I would agree to his idea that individual has the rights to live and it is unfair to make use of them to achieve their goal. Some may asseverate that the terrorists deserved for what they have done. However, Parker is innocent, he did not do anything wrong to Dudley and Stephen nor did he choose to die.ConsentThis raised another issue of whether consent were given by Parker, would be morally justifiable for Dudley to do so. I think that the consent given by Parker would be a good reason (but not necessary the morally right reason) for Dudley to kill him. This merely lessens Dudleys guilt, but still morally incorrect.It does not mean that the permission given to do something would be morally correct. For example, if A were to give permission to B to kill C, does this mean that B is correct? I believe that everyone would agree that B is wrong.NecessityParker had no family whereas Dudley and Stephen had families at home. They wer e without food and water for numerous days and the decision to kill Parker might have save the rest. I read that under extreme situation, the fear of dying would make someone do something that he or she would not have done previously. However, this does not set aside them to kill parker. I think that under no circumstances that someone has the power to voluntary take another persons life. entitle Denning laid down the general approach from the case of Southwark London Borough Council v Williams (1971) that necessity should be denied as a defence otherwise anarchy and disorder would follow. He add on that if hunger was allowed to become the basis of necessity, any scummy person might seek to justify burglary to steal food by saying that he or she had reasonable believed that this was a response to the panic of malnutrition.As a rational person, I believe that this would not be what the general public would want. Therefore, even in Benthams point of view, to measure the general h appiness, I think it would be more appropriate to consider the general public instead of just Dudley, Stephen and their families. It would be morally wrong for Dudley and Stephen to kill Parker.Die naturally and feed on parker?9 ConclusionI think that people will determine the right thing to do (whether involved or as onlookers), and decide based on distinguishable philosophies for different situations. They tend not to follow one particular philosophy at all times.For example, the case of ticking time bomb, where torturing of terrorist is inevitable to reveal the bombs location (Michael Sandel, 2009). I believe majority would support the idea of torturing the terrorist to save thousands of lives even we are uncertain of whether he knows about the location. I still think that it would be morally wrong to torture the terrorist because I do not want to act like a terrorist. However, I think that it is not about right or wrong but rather you must do it even though you knew it was wro ng.The difference between this case and Dudleys case would be the impact. In the terrorists case, not besides thousands of lives are involved, the impact is greater where other countries might also be affected as well (financial and tourism).Secondly, I think that guilty does not equate to morally incorrect and vice versa. Similarly, justness and morality are not the same, and many things may be immoral which are not necessarily illegal. If these men were to be found innocent, it would signal the divorce of law from morality.Lastly, I think that it would be a wise decision for not allowing necessity to be used as defence. Just like what Lord Denning had said, by allowing necessity as a defence, disorder would follow. Then what is the purpose for having law and justice? Law is to uphold the justice in society, if necessity can be used as defence, and then there would be a lot of excuses of the wrongdoer.

Security in dorm halls Essay examples -- essays research papers

Security in dorm abodes on universities across the republic is a huge problem that each campus must address, due to the heart of people living in such close quarters. Residence hall security should be an important factor in the college decision make process. Todays college freshman arrives for the first day of his/her college career hampered with individualized property of substantial time value. Most students move into to college equipped with an advanced calculating machine system and can be the target of burglary. Many other items of value accompany the student. Sexual assaults are also a potential problem. The chance of theft and sexual assaults make residence hall and individual means security a basic prevention strategy. To ensure a preventive campus, it is imperitive to secure residence halls and escort all guests.Most college students do not think about the repercussions of being lazy about security in their respective residence halls. However if there is no atten tion nonrecreational to who comes in and out, many crimes can and usually do happen. For instance, at the University of Connecticut, a survey of 690 undergraduates found that more than half of dorm residents say they be possessed of propped open a secured door. Nine out of ten know individual else who have also done the same. Half of those students who had witnessed these doors left partly open, knew of incidents where strangers had come into the building unescorted. Of those strangers, one in five knew of a crime that resulted b...

Douglass Narrative and Browns Narrative of the Life and Escape of William Wells Brown :: Compare Contrast Brown Douglass Essays

Douglass Narrative and dark-browns Narrative of the Life and Escape of William Wells brownish Aside from the many obvious differences between Douglass Narrative and Browns Narrative of the Life and Escape of William Wells Brown, I prime an important similarity. Although they are not told with the same style or spotlight of view, I cypher the way both narratives are introduced are often the same. This is because they both introduce themselves in relation to their families. For William Wells Brown, he begins to regularise about his family in the just the second sentence, and for Frederick Douglass, it starts in the second paragraph. counterbalance of all, this is important because it sort of allows whites to see validation for black existence fall by the wayside of slavery. This is because white people can actually relate to family structure and the overall notion of family values. Another important aspect is that both men conduct out that they are of mixed blood. T heir fathers were white men. That obviously establishes a connecter with white readers, be it negative or positive. A major tendency of these authors is to get the white reader to requirement to abolish slavery. If they feel attached to Brown or Douglass, they might feel sympathy and therefore want to free them, or they could possibly feel against the mixing of races and therefore acquire slaves away from whites (freeing them) might prevent this. Either way, the goal is realized. (The latter bingle might not be cracking in terms of preventing small town though). Thirdly, they both reach out to readers by showing their broken family and how unmanageable separation is for them. Whites, with their view of the family as sacred, might see this as something that take to be changed. Because both authors opened their narratives with family and its importance to them, they appealed to people who might allow originally felt no sympathy for them.I think that Brown includes his Narrative as an introduction to Clotel for two main reasons. I think it shows that he himself has been intimate with, or, at least that he has a great understanding of the situations presented in the novel because he has experienced being a black (mixed black) too.

Ethan Frome: A Zenobic Paradox :: Free Essay Writer

Ethan Frome A Zenobic Paradox in that respect is a well-kn deliver expression that states, There are two sides to every coin. This is no different when it comes to Mrs. Frome. She is either Zeena, a mean, cruel hag or Zenobia, a munificent, compassionate woman. In the take Ethan Frome by Edith Wharton, Zeena is described as thin and hard. While in the go around story Zenobia by Gina Berrault, Zenobia is described as slender, and gentle. There are two different Zenobias depicted and they are very paradoxical. Each author has use her own tools to illustrate this char dresser. In the short story, Zenobia herself is talking and she admonishes Edith Wharton for the grievous act she committed in the novelette. Edith has written a story in which the vantage point is quite biased. Ethan seems like the only one suffering despite the circumstance that Zenobia herself is also tormented. Zenobia had come to assist her dear, distant cousin Ethan Frome, by pickings care of his ailing m opposit e. After the mother died, Ethan afraid of being alone, asked her to encumbrance on with him. Was it Zenobias fault that shortly after they were married she became frantic? After all, she had spent most of her life taking care of others who were sick, wasnt it time for someone to take of her? Edith Wharton portrays Zeena as one of the most disagreeable people imaginable. She rarely opens her mouth except to complain or criticize. She does non need words to tell one what she thinks, because on her face is a constant disapproval. Zeena is mean and heartless, as Ethan felt the day Zeena told him that Mattie was to go. He looked at her with loathing. She was no longer the listless creature who had lived at his side in a state of sullen self-absorption, but a mysterious noncitizen presence, an evil energy secreted from the long years of silent brooding. On the other hand, all Zenobia wants is for her bask to be returned. As she said, He took my satchel from my hand, and said my name , Zenobia, and my own heart was moved by him for the rest of my days. All she wants is for Ethan to give to her cut and devotion. When she realizes that this love is unattainable, meanness and bitterness sets in. Meanness came and filled up the spaces where love was not.