Cattell and Eysenck

comm solitary(prenominal) when we talk virtually someones nature, we argon talking about what makes that person antithetic from other tribe, perhaps even unique. The Cattell and Eysenck constructs and theories should be seen, non as reciprocally contradictory, but as complementary and mutually supportive. The Late Hans Eysenck (1984). Cattell and the theory of disposition. Mult. Behav. Res, 19, 323-336. This eight-spot page report discusses the work and models created by Hans Eysenck (1916-1997) and Raymond Cattell (1905-1998).Each developed special theories regarding human reputation. Eysencks is best expressed in the Eysenck spirit armoury (EPI) while Cattells 16PF or 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire serves as the best representation of his work on personality. Raymond Bernard Cattell (20 March 1905 2 February 1998) was a British and American psychologist agnizen for his exploration of a wide variety show of substantive beas in psychological science.These ara s included the basic dimensions of personality and temperament, a grasp of cognitive abilities, the dynamic dimensions of motivation and emotion, the clinical dimensions of personality, patterns of group and social behavior, applications of personality research to psychotherapy and learning theory, predictors of creativity and achievement, and many scientific research methods for exploring and measuring these atomic number 18as. Cattell was famously productive without his 92 eld, authoring and co-authoring all over 50 books and 500 articles, and over 30 standardized bear witnesss.According to a widely-cited ranking, he was the 16th nearly influential and eminent psychologist of the 20th century. Cattell and Eysenck 3 Raymond Cattell and Hans Eyseneck, so prominent were these two men, that their work is now enshrined in the Cattellian and Eysenckian Schools of Psychology, respectively. Cattells scholarly dressing began at an early age when he was awarded admission to Kings C ollege at Cambridge University where he graduated with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry in 1926 (Lamb, 1997).According to personal accounts, Cattells socialist attitudes, paired with interests developed after attend a Cyril Burt lecture in the same year, turned his attention to the dissect of psychology, still regarded as a philosophy (Horn, 2001). Fol scummying the completion of his docto range studies of psychology in 1929 Cattell lectured at the University at Exeter where, in 1930, he make his first contribution to the scientific discipline of psychology with the Cattell Intelligence Tests (scales 1, 2, and 3).During fellowship studies in 1932, he turned his attention to the circularment of personality focusing of the instinct of economic, social and incorrupt problems and how objective psychological research on moral decision could aid such problems (Lamb, 1997). Cattells most renowned contribution to the science of psychology also pertains to the study of personality. Cattells 16 Personality Factor assume aims to construct a common taxonomy of traits using a lexical set out to narrow natural language to standard applicable personality adjectives.though his theory has never been replicated, his contributions to factor abstract suck up been exceedingly important to the study of psychology. In devoteliness to apply factor analysis to personality, Cattell believed it indispensable to sample the widest possible range of variables. He specified lead kinds of data for comprehensive sampling, to capture the full range of personality dimensions Cattell and Eysenck 4 Objective, tone-time data (or L-data), which involves collecting data from the soulfulnesss natural, everyday life behaviors, measuring their characteristic behavior patterns in the real world.This could range from summate of traffic accidents or number of parties attended each month, to grade pass average in school or number of illnesses or divorces. data-based data (or T-data) which involves reactions to standardized experimental situations created in a lab where a subjects behavior can be objectively observe and measured. Questionnaire data (or Q-data), which involves responses based on introspection by the individual about their own behavior and feelings. He found that this kind of direct teasing lots measured subtle internal states and viewpoints that might be laboured to see or measure in external behavior.In order for a personality dimension to be called fundamental and unitary, Cattell believed that it needed to be found in factor analyses of data from all three of these domains. Thus, Cattell constructed personality measures of a wide range of traits in each medium. He accordingly repeatedly performed factor analyses on the data. With the help of many colleagues, Cattells factor-analytic studies continued over several decades, eventually producing 16 fundamental factors underlying human personality.He decided to make out these traits with let ters (A, B, C, D, E), like vitamins, in order to avoid misnaming these newly discovered dimensions, or inviting confusion with existing diction and concepts. Factor-analytic studies by many researchers in diverse cultures around the world pose re-validated the number and meaning of these Cattell and Eysenck 5 traits. This international confirmation and validation establish Cattells 16 factors as objective and scientific.Cattell set about developing tests to measure these traits across unlike age ranges, such as The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire for adults, the Adolescent Personality Questionnaire, and the Childrens Personality Questionnaire. These tests befool now been translated into many languages and validated across different cultures. Hans Eysenck was born in Germany on March 4, 1916. His p arnts were actors who divorced when he was only two, and so Hans was raised(a) by his grandmother. He left there when he was 18 years old, when the Nazis came to power.As an acti ve Jewish sympathizer, his life was in danger. In England, he continued his education, and received his Ph. D. in Psychology from the University of London in 1940. During domain of a function War II, he served as a psychologist at an emergency hospital, where he did research on the reliability of psychiatric diagnoses. The results led him to a life-long antipathy to main-stream clinical psychology. After the war, he taught at the University of London, as well as serving as the director of the psychology department of the Institute of Psychiatry, associated with Bethlehem magnificent Hospital.He has written 75 books and some 700 articles, making him one of the most prolific writers in psychology. Eysenck retired in 1983 and continued to write until his death on September 4, 1997. This aspect of personality is called individual differences. For some theories, it is the central issue. These theories often spend considerable attention on things like types and traits and tests with wh ich we can categorise or compare concourse rough mess are neurotic, others are not some people are more introverted, others more extravertive and Cattell and Eysenck 6 so on.However, personality theorists are just as implicated in the commonalities among people. What, for example, do the neurotic person and the healthy person control in common? Or what is the common structure in people that expresses itself as introversion in some and extroversion in others? If you berth people on some dimension such as healthy-neurotic or introversion-extroversion you are saying that the dimension is something everyone can be placed on. Whether they are neurotic or not, all people have a capacity for health and ill-health and whether introverted or extroverted, all are verted one direction or the other.another(prenominal) way of saying this is that personality theorists are enkindle in the structure of the individual, the psychological structure in particular. How are people put togeth er how do they work how do they fall apart. Some theorists go a step further and say they are expression at for the essence of being a person. Or they say they are realizeing for what it means to be an individual human being. The field of personality psychology stretches from a sanely simple empirical search for differences among people to a rather philosophical search for the meaning of life by chance it is just pride, but personality psychologists like to think of their field as a sort of umbrella for all the rest of psychology. Critics of the psychology of individual differences have often claimed naively that the use of factor analysis in test construction has only lead to confusionsince Eysenck found three factors, while Cattell found 16 factors inwardly the personality domain. Yet these ill-informed critics failed to represent that Eysenck and Cattell were talking about personality measurement at different takes within the hierarchical trait model.Cattell and Eysenck 7 Ray concentrated on firsthand factors, while Hans focused on broader secondary dimensions. Indeed, at the second-order 16PF level, the degree of communality between the Eysenckian and Cattellian factors was striking It might be nice to start off with a definition of theories of personality. First, theory a theory is a model of domain that helps us to understand, explain, predict, and control that reality. In the study of personality, these models are normally verbal. all(prenominal) now and then, someone comes up with a graphic model, with symbolic illustrations, or a mathematical model, or even a computer model. plainly words are the basic form. Different approaches focus on different aspects of theory. Eysencks theory is based primarily on physiology and genetics. Although he is a behaviorist who considers learned habits of great importance, he considers personality differences as maturation out of our genetic inheritance. He is, therefore, primarily interested in what is us ually called temperament. Eysenck is also primarily a research psychologist.His methods involve a statistical technique called factor analysis. This technique extracts a number of dimensions from large stack of data. For example, if you bankrupt long lists of adjectives to a large number of people for them to rate themselves on, you have prime raw material for factor analysis. Imagine, for example, a test that included words like shy, introverted, out exhalation, wild, and so on. Obviously, shy people are likely to rate themselves senior high on the first two words, and low on the second two. Outgoing people are likely to do the reverse.Factor analysis extracts dimensions factors such as shy outgoing from the push-down stack of information. The Cattell and Eysenck 8 researcher then examines the data and gives the factor a name such as introversion-extraversion. There are other techniques that impart harness the best fit of the data to several(a) possible dimensions, and ot hers still that will find higher level dimensions factors that mastermind the factors, like big headings organize bitty headings. Eysencks original research found two main dimensions of temperament neuroticism and extraversion introversion.Neuroticism is the name Eysenck gave to a dimension that ranges from normal, fairly calm and collected people to ones that tend to be quite nervous. His research showed that these nervous people tended to suffer more oft from a variety of nervous disorders we call neuroses, hence the name of the dimension. that understand that he was not saying that people who score high on the neuroticism scale are necessarily neurotics only that they are more susceptible to neurotic problems. His second dimension is extraversion-introversion.By this he means something very resembling to what Jung meant by the same terms, and something very similar to our common-sense understanding of them Shy, quiet people versus out-going, even loud people. This dimensi on, too, is found in everyone, but the physiological explanation is a bit more complex. Eysenck hypothesized that extraversion-introversion is a matter of the balance of inhibition and excitation in the humour itself. These are ideas that Pavlov came up with to explain some of the differences he found in the reactions of his various dogs to stress.Excitation is the brain waking itself up, getting into an alert, learning state. Inhibition is the brain calming itself down, either in the usual sense of relaxing and going to sleep, or in the sense of protecting itself in the case of overwhelm stimulation. Cattell and Eysenck 9 To bring to a close, although Cattell contributed much to personality research through the use of factor analysis his theory is greatly criticized. The most unornamented reproach of Cattells 16 Personality Factor Model is the fact that in spite of many attempts his theory has never been entirely replicated.In 1971, Howarth and Browns factor analysis of the 1 6 Personality Factor Model found 10 factors that failed to allude to items present in the model. Howarth and Brown concluded, that the 16 PF does not measure the factors which it purports to measure at a primary level (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1987) Studies conducted by Sell et al. (1970) and by Eysenck and Eysenck (1969) also failed to verify the 16 Personality Factor Models primary level (Noller, Law, Comrey, 1987).Also, the reliability of Cattells self-report data has also been questioned by researchers (Schuerger, Zarrella, & Hotz, 1989). Cattell and colleagues responded to the critics by maintaining the stance that the creator the studies were not successful at replicating the primary structure of the 16 Personality Factor model was because the studies were not conducted according to Cattells methodology. However, using Cattells exact methodology, Kline and Barrett (1983), only were able to verify four of sixteen primary factors (Noller, Law & Comrey, 1987).In response to Eysencks criticism, Cattell, himself, published the results of his own factor analysis of the 16 Personality Factor Model, which also failed to verify the hypothesized primary factors (Eysenck, 1987). Despite all the criticism of Cattells hypothesis, his empirical findings lead the way for investigation and later discovery of the bragging(a) Five dimensions of personality. Fiske (1949) and Tupes and Christal (1961) simplified Cattells variables to five recurrent Cattell and Eysenck 10 factors known as extraversion or surgency, agreeableness, consciousness, motional stability and intellect or openness (Pervin & John, 1999). Cattells Sixteen Personality Factor Model has been greatly criticized by many researchers, generally because of the inability of replication. More than likely, during Cattells factor analysis errors in computation occurred resulting in skewed data, thus the inability to replicate. Since, computer programs for factor analysis did not exist during Cattells time and calcula tions were done by hand it is not surprise that some errors occurred.However, through investigation into to the validity of Cattells model researchers did discover the man-sized Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today. In summary, Humanists and Existentialists tend to focus on the understanding part. They believe that much of what we are is way too complex and embedded in memoir and culture to predict and control. Besides, they suggest, redacting and controlling people is, to a considerable extent, unethical. Behaviorists and Freudians, on the other hand, prefer to discuss prediction and control. If an idea is useful, if it works, go with itUnderstanding, to them, is secondary. Another definition says that a theory is a guide to action We effigy that the future will be something like the past. We figure that certain sequences and patterns of events that have occurred frequently before are likely to occur again. So we look to the first events of a sequence, or the most vivid parts of a pattern, to serve as our landmarks and warning signals. A theory is a little like a map It isnt the same as the countryside it describes it certainly doesnt give you every detail it may not even be horribly accurate. But it does provide a guide to action.